Plutarch’s Influence on Shakespeare and Other Writers of the Sixteenth Century Essay

The influence of the writings of Plutarch of Chaeronea on English literature might well be made the subject of one of the most interesting chapters in the long story of the debt of moderns to ancients. One of the most kindly and young spirited, he is also one of the most versatile of Greek writers, and his influence has worked by devious ways to the most varied results. His treatise on the Education of Children had the honour to be early translated into the gravely charming prose of Sir Thomas Elyot, and to be published in a black-letter quarto ‘imprinted,’ as the colophon tells us, ‘in Fletestrete in the house of Thomas Berthelet.’ The same work was drawn upon unreservedly by Lyly in the second part of Euphues, and its teachings reappear a little surprisingly in some of the later chapters of Pamela. The essay on the Preservation of Good Health was twice translated into Tudor prose, and that on Curiosity suffered transformation at the hands of the virgin queen herself into some of the most inharmonious of English verse. The sixteenth century was indeed steeped in Plutarch. His writings formed an almost inexhaustible storehouse for historian and philosopher alike, and the age was characterized by no diffidence or moderation in borrowing. Plutarch’s aphorisms and his anecdotes meet us at every turn, openly or in disguise, and the translations I have alluded to did but prepare the way for Philemon Holland’s great rendering of the complete non-biographical works in the last year of the Tudor era. But it is as author of the Parallel Lives of the famous Greeks and Romans that Plutarch has most strongly and most healthily affected the literature of modern Europe. Few other books of the ancient world have had since the middle ages so interesting a career; in the history of no other, perhaps not even the Iliad, can we see so plainly that rare electric flash of sympathy where the spirit of classical literature blends with the modern spirit, and the renascence becomes a living reality. The Lives of Plutarch were early translated into Latin, and versions of them in that language were among the first productions of the printing press, one such edition being published at  Rome about 1470. It was almost certainly in this Latin form that they first attracted the attention and the pious study of Jacques Amyot (1514-93). Amyot’s Translations of Plutarch No writer of one age and nation has ever received more devoted and important services from a writer of another than Plutarch owes to Amyot. Already the translator of the Greek pastorals of Heliodorus and Longus, as well as seven books of Diodorus Siculus, Amyot came not unprepared to the subject of his life’s work. Years were spent in purification of the text. Amyot’s marginal notes as to variants in the original Greek give but a slight conception of the extent of his labours in this direction. Dr. Joseph Jager has made it more evident in a Heidelberg dissertation, ‘Zur Kritik von Amyots Ubersetzung der Moralia Plutarch’s’ (Biihl, 1899). In 1559, being then Abbot of Bellozane, Amyot published his translation of Plutarch’s Lives, printed in a large folio volume by the famous Parisian house of Vascosan†¦.The success of the work was immediate; it was pirated largely, but no less than six authorized editions were published by Vascosan before the end of 1579. Amyot’s concern with the Lives did not cease with the appearance of the first edition. Each re-issue contained improvements, and only that of 1619 can perhaps be regarded as giving his final text, though by that time the translator had been twenty-six years in his grave. Yet it was not the Lives solely that occupied him. In 1572 were printed Les Oeuvres Morales et Meshes de Plutarque. Translatees du Grec en Francois par Messire Jacques Amyot. The popularity of this volume, by whose appearance all Plutarch was rendered accessible in the vernacular to French readers, was hardly inferior to that the Lives had attained, and it directly inspired another work, already mentioned, whose importance for English drama was not very greatly inferior to that of North’s translation of the Lives: ‘The Philosophic, commonly called the Morals, written by the learned Philosopher, Plutarch of Chaeronea. Translated out of Greeke into English, and conferred with the Latin translations, and the French, by Philemon Holland†¦London 1603.’ The indebtedness of such writers as Chapman to the Morals of Plutarch is hardly to be measured. Our concern, however, is rather with the lives as they appeared in North’s translation from the French of Amyot, in 1579. Sir Thomas North Thomas North, or Sir Thomas, as history has preferred to call him, was born about 1535, the second son of Edward Lord North and Alice Squyer his wife. The knightly title in North’s case, like that or Sir Thomas Browne, is really an anachronism as regards his literary career. It was a late granted honour, withheld, like the royal pension, which seems to have immediately preceded death, till the recipient’s fame had long been established and his work in this world was virtually over. It is simply as Thomas North that he appears on the early title pages of his three books, and as Master North we find him occasionally mentioned in state papers during the long and eventful years that precede 1591 . Sometimes, by way of self-advertisement, he alludes to himself rather pathetically as ‘sonne of Sir Edward North, Knight, L. North of Kyrtheling’ or ‘Brother to the Right Honourable Sir Roger North, Knight, Lorde North of Kyrtheling.’ We know little of his life. It appears to have been a long and honourable one, full of incident and variety, darkened till almost the very end by the shadow of poverty, but certainly not devoid of gleams of temporary good fortune, and on the whole, no doubt, a happy life. There is good reason, but no positive evidence, for believing that he was educated at Peterhouse, Cambridge. In 1557 we find him at Lincoln’s Inn; on the 2Oth of December in that year he dates from there the dedicatory epistle to Queen Mary, prefixed to his D’tall of Princes. In 1568 he was presented with the freedom of the city of Cambridge. In 1574 he accompanied his elder brother Roger, second Baron North, on a special mission to the court of Henri III of France. Six years later, under date of August 25, 1580, the Earl of Leicester commends Mr. North to Lord Burghley as one who ‘is a very honest gentleman, and hath many good things in him which are drowned only by poverty.’ During the critical days of the Armada he was Captain of three hundred men in the Isle of Ely, and he seems always to have borne a high reputation for valour. With 1590 the more interesting part of North’s life closes. In 1591 he was knighted. At this period he must apparently have enjoyed a certain pecuniary prosperity, since eligibility for knighthood involved the possession of land worth 40 [pounds] a year. In 1592 we hear of him as justice of the peace in Cambridgeshire; the official commission for placing him is dated February 24. Six years later we may infer that he was again in financial straits, for a grant of 20 [pounds] was made to him by the city of Cambridge. The last known incident of his life was the conferring on him of a pension of 40 [pounds] per annum from the Queen, in 1601. He may or may not have lived to see the publication of the third, expanded edition of his Plutarch in 1603, to which is prefixed a grateful dedication to Queen Elizabeth. North was twice married, and we know that at least two of his children, a son and daughter, reached maturity. His literary fame rests on three translations. The first in point of time was a version of Guevara’s Libra Aureo, of which an abbreviated translation by Lord Berners bad been printed in 1535, with the title ‘The Golden Boke of Marcus Aurelius Emperour and eloquent Oratour.’ North made no such effort at condensation; his rendering appeared first in 1557 and again, with the addition of a fourth book, in 1568, with the following title page: ‘The Dial of Princes, compiled by the reverend father in God, Don Antony of Guevara, Byshop of Guadix, Preacher, and Chronicler to Charles the fifte, late of that name Emperor. Englished out of the Frenche by T. North. . . And now newly revised and corrected by hym, refourmed of faultes escaped in the first edition: with an amplification also of a fourth booke annexed to the same, entituled The fauored Courtier, never heretofore imprinted in our vulgar tongue. Right necessarie and pleasaunt to all noble and vertuous persones.’ There seems no reason to accept the suggestion that the style of this book was influential in any particular degree in shaping that of Lyly’s Euphues. North’s second translation appeared in 1570. The title page, which contains all the information concerning the work that the reader is likely to require, runs as follows: ‘The Morall Philosophic of Doni: Drawne out of the auncient writers. A worke first compiled in the Indian tongue, and afterwardes reduced into divers other languages: and now lastly Englished out of Italian by Thomas North.’ In the Stationers’ Register for 1579 occurs this entry: ‘VI to Die Aprilis. — Thomas vautrollicr, master Wighte Lycenced vnto yem a booke in Englishc called Plutarks Lyves — XV and a copie.’ This is the first mention of North’s translation of Plutarch, which was duly published in the same year, 1579, by the two book-sellers named in the registration notice. A facsimile of the title page appears as frontispiece to this volume†¦.It is of importance to consider here the exact relation in which North’s translation stands to that of Amyot, first printed just twenty years before and definitely claimed by North as his source. †¦.North’s Plutarch enjoyed till the close of the seventeenth century a popularity equal to its merits; but its vogue was now interrupted. It was supplanted by a succession of more modern and infinitely less brilliant renderings and was not again reprinted as a whole till 1895. How entirely it had fallen into disrepute in the eighteenth century is evident from the significant verdict of the Critical Review for February, 1771, ‘This was not a translation from Plutarch, nor can it be read with pleasure in the present Age.’ One hopes, and can readily believe, that the critic had not made the attempt to read it. There is some doubt as to which edition of North was used by Shakespeare. The theory of Mr. A. P. Paton that a copy of the 1603 version bearing the initials ‘W. S.’ was the poet’s property has long ago been exploded. From an allusion by Weever in his Mirror of Martyrs, we know that Julius Caesar was in existence in 1601. The two possible editions, those of 1579 and 1595 respectively, often vary a little in wording, but there seems to be no instance where such difference offers any hint as to which text Shakespeare used. No one with a knowledge of the rules and vagaries of Elizabethan orthography will probably lay any stress on the argument which prefers the  folio of 1595 for the sole reason that on the first page of the Life of Coriolanus it happens to agree in spelling of the word ‘conduits’ with the 1623 Shakespeare, whereas the folio of 1579 gives the older form of ‘conducts.’ If Shakespeare’s acquaintance with North was delayed till about 1600, it may be imagined that copies of the second edition would then be the more easily obtainable. If, on the other hand, we derive the allusions in A Midsummer Night’s Dream (II. i. 75-80) to Hippolyta, Perigouna, Aegle, Ariadne, and Antiopa from the Life of Theseus, as has been done, though with no very great show of probability, we must then assume the dramatist to have known North’s book at a period probably antecedent to the appearance of the second edition. The question is of little import. There seems on other grounds every reason to prefer the text of the editio princeps, which in practically all cases of difference offers an older and apparently more authentic read ing than the version of 1595. As has been said, we have no evidence that North was personally responsible for any of the changes in the second edition.

How Far Did Henry VIII’s Reign Go in Beginning a New Era in Tudor Kingship

How far did Henry VIII’s reign begin a new era in Tudor kingship? Henry the eighth and Henry the seventh were very different in many ways, their style of ruling and aims clearly had different intentions. Henry the seventh ruled quite safely and avoided war as much as possible whilst being extremely greedy and obsessive with money. Where as Henry the eighth was young and wanted to bring back the glory days and gain a strong reputation, willing to fight and go to war at all costs, whilst being ruthless in punishments. From the beginning of Henry the eighths reign changes began to take place and perhaps a whole new era.Some aspects did stay the same from Henry the sevenths rule though. One obvious continuity was that the Tudor bloodline had been passed along, keeping the same family ruling England. Which eliminated quite a lot of threat from keen opposition. Henry the eighth was young and healthy which was a promising thought at the time for the public. The position of men and wo men didn’t change either, women still had barely any rights and could night speak their thoughts or argue with men’s views. They were expected to do feminine activities and produce children who were possible heirs to the throne.As Henry the eighth needed to produce at least one heir, he decided to marry Catherine of Aragon, (a Spanish princess) after many years of weighing out other options. He used Catherine just like his father did to stabilise and secure a sturdy relationship with Spain and improving foreign relations. Another factor that was kept the same were the bonds and recognisances between the crown and the nobility, which threatened a fine to the aristocracy if they weren’t to remain loyal to the king and break his trust. These were very unpopular with the nobility, but controlled factions being formed, eliminating threat yet again.A common characteristic with both Henry the eighth and seventh was their irrational behaviour with money as they didnâ₠¬â„¢t control or use it very wisely. Henry the seventh splashed out on parties and extravagant entertainment, to uphold a wealthy reputation. When his son wanted to spend it on war and battles to gain back a strong and glorious reputation, when it wasn’t affordable. Although some aspects stayed similar or the same, the majority of the transition was consistent of change. Henry the eighth was young and feisty, seen as a fresh and slightly ulnerable new face to the thrown bringing out excitement from the public. His attitude was the opposite of Henry the sevenths, he wanted to bring back the glory days and looked up to role models such as, King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, to gain back a strong reputation. Unlike his father, Henry became very ruthless and wasn’t afraid to sentence punishments and showed little mercy to those who betrayed his trust. One example of this was the execution of two of his father’s closest advisers, Richard Empson and Edmun d Dudley.They were arrested on fictitious charges of treason, even though little evidence existed. Henry wanted to show he wasn’t taking any prisoners and so he executed them a year later. They were involved in enforcing the bonds and recognisances so Henry soon became very popular with the nobility, as he’d killed two of the people they hated the most. Whilst also maybe giving them the impression that he is more persuadable and naive as he is so young. Henry began changing his advises and councillors to men he could relate to better, like Thomas Wolsey, a very colourful character of the Tudor court and a trusting adviser to Henry.Henry began to rely on his advisers more to do the paperwork side of things and allowed them more independence. Whilst he was extremely active, unlike his father, and participated in sports of all kinds. Some say he was slightly more manipulated and persuaded in his younger years by his advisers compared to his father. One example may be when he was convinced to sign a peace treaty in 1510 with Louis XIII (king of France), by William Warham and Richard Fox. Their reasons were that war or an invasion on France would be too expensive and fruitless, despite Henrys wishes he signed the treaty anyway.Despite this it wasn’t long before plans were made for an invasion; Henry was actively seeking war and action so he was to be viewed as a strong king and willing to fight for his country. Very much unlike his Father who was cautious and avoided war as much as possible. Henry also broke from the church in Rome, against his father’s views and beliefs. Over all I think the transition from Henry the seventh to Henry the eighth was mostly a new era. Although there were elements of persistence and continuity, the majority of Henry the eighths reign was consistence of change and he carried out a completely different attitude to what his father did.Henry the Seventh was greedy with his money, he wanted to be safe and cauti ous, avoiding war and confrontation as much as he could, whilst dealing mostly with paperwork. He was ruthless when absolutely necessary but never exceeded in gaining a strict reputation. He was very unpopular with the public and I believe they were ready for someone feisty and fresh to take over the thrown like Henry the eighth. Who was not at all wanting to hold back from war or confrontation, he constantly looked for opportunities to fight and to bring back ‘the glory days’.Not particularly interesting in doing any paperwork until his later years as he actively participated in sports in his youth. He was ruthless and showed no mercy when coming to deciding people’s fait and punishment. He was also much more popular than his father at the beginning oh his years and his reputation was of a handsome young man, who was quite impressionable. This clearly shows the extent as to how different both Father and son’s attitudes and style to kingship were and how t he new era began to evolve. Aimee Fenton-Fearn

Dissent Theory Profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dissent Theory Profile - Essay Example Usually in a group, there are two types of people: there are those who identify strongly with the group and others who have weak identification with the group. Those are who are strongly identified are the ones prone to dissent from the norms in order to protect the rest of their social group and their identities from outside forces in every way they deem possible. What is astonishing about the theory is that these same people who are strongly identified with the group will not easily and quickly dissent if the challenge is not on their group but on themselves as individuals. This provides a strong sense of how deeply these people feel about their social group which they identify with and the extent they can go to for the group which is not even the same they can go for themselves. The weak identifiers with the group are the exact opposite of the strong identifiers as they cannot go an extra mile (such as challenging the system or dissenting) for their social group members but when it comes to them, they will act to protect themselves more than the strong identifiers do to themselves. Weak identifiers are just an indication of the non-conformity that arises out of some people being disengaged from the group norm while strong identifiers are an indication of the non-conformity that arises out of desire to help group members or even change the group. The aspect of social interaction is important for this group of people and anyone or anything trying to challenge this social interaction is deemed an enemy and must be fought with or discouraged to continue doing so. It is for this reason of trying to protect their social interaction and identities to each other that people find the need to dissent. The reason for the dissent is justifiable as they are protecting not only their organizational duties but their social and psychological ones as well (Kassing, 2011). The dissent may even be an organizational norm but this does not matter and

Film Analysis and Its Applications Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Film Analysis and Its Applications - Assignment Example To some viewers, they cause a surge of adrenalin as excitement increases (Pribram, 2012). However, the events that may appear as mere entertainment for a mature mind may have lasting effects on younger minds. Research shows that children who watch action movies filled with violence end to grow up to be aggressive individuals (American Psychological Association, n.d.). Such people do not believe in dialogue as a tool for problem solving (Escobar-Chaves & Anderson, 2008). Instead, they resort to violence to punish those who have wronged them. An example is American Psycho, which is a 2000 film that contains numerous scenes of violence, profanities, drug use and sexuality. Teenagers who watch such kind of movies tend to have loose morals. Watching of such movies is reflected in today’s society by the increase in violence and teenage pregnancies (Browne, & Hamilton-Giachritsis, 2005). Therefore, film plays a significant role in shaping the society. American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Violence in the Media — Psychologists Study TV and Video Game Violence for Potential Harmful Effects. Retrieved from

Report on Teaching and Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Report on Teaching and Learning - Essay Example All these multiply the need for the inclusion of cooperation, encouragement and commitment towards the profession of teaching. In the context of teaching, ‘effective teaching’ is a much debated topic. As the very name indicates, effective teaching means and includes all the methods and efforts undertaken by teachers to make the students think and learn the world around them in a comprehensive manner. As remarked by Jerome Brunner in his book ‘The Relevance of Education’, â€Å"to instruct someone... is not a matter of getting him to commit results to mind. Rather, it is to teach him to participate in the process that makes possible the establishment of knowledge. We teach a subject not to produce little living libraries on that subject, but rather to get a student to think mathematically for himself, to consider matters as an historian does, to take part in the process of knowledge-getting† (Brunner 1971 ). Renowned researchers and teachers (Abrami & d ApolIonia, 1991; Cashin & Downey, 1992; Feldman, 1997; Marsh & Roche, 1993) observe that teaching involves many complex elements such as clarity, organization, enthusiasm, teachers’ interaction with students. In the efforts to make teaching effective and useful to students, teachers make use of multitudinous methods and strategies which have been developed by researchers as well as practitioners over the years. Some of the methods include evaluation by current students, the teacher himself or herself, administrators, colleagues, trained observes, or former students. Among them, the most simple and practically appropriate method is the Students’ Evaluation of Teaching (SET). It involves the assessment of teaching effectiveness of one with the feedback or evaluation provided by students. It is being used internationally as one of the easy and workable method of evaluating teaching

Comment to Peer Response DQ1DA and DQ2 KD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comment to Peer Response DQ1DA and DQ2 KD - Essay Example When this other companies joined the cereal production the company realized a shortfall in its earnings with a drop of about 6% sales due to continued competitive pressures in the ready to eat cold cereal market, and the reduced sales. Customers have also faced a short based on the value and nutrition. This also creates competition to the companies due to deal-seeking on finding the largest market (Michaels, 2011). Addressing the issue of fresh entrants into this kind of market calls for critical managerial skills with critical analysis is the present market (White, 2008). The managers should anticipate the actions of others (Shubik, 2009). An increase in price by other companies especially top dogs will lead to the company also adjusting its market price. In the cereals industry General mills announced a price increase in the price by +4% on 25% to 33% of its products. Kellogg’s is likely to respond the same way. The strategies set to put the sales back on track will ensure the reinvestment into the business, with the lowering of the up-front cost of shares to 12 cents; the internal growth will be expected to rise with the general improvement in category trends such as product promotions to the outside world. This will ensure that the 4.5% fall in customer demand is raised for the company to begin making profit (Friedman,

Take-Home Exam Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Take-Home Exam - Term Paper Example In other words, shots must record what is in a scene for a successful video production to take place. For instance, the short scenes below are taken for the movie gossip girl. Establishing shot – when an action is to take place in a hall, every area or point that would be used in the process of video production are covered first before the exact shooting begins. For instance, there is random aerial coverage of a city of investigation in the CSI (Crime Scene Investigation) Productions. Wide shot – a boy standing leaning on the wall, and the shot reveals his feet almost close to the bottom of the frame and his head close to the top of the frame. The boy’s height appears to consume almost the whole of the width of the shot. Medium shot- a girl standing next to a window, her head can be seen, part of her arms, a small part of the window and that of the wall around. Her gestures can be seen though not clearly. More attention of the shot is on the girl more than the surrounding environment or the setting. Medium close-up – the girl standing next to the window is brought out through a slightly sharp attention. The camera brings her out more clearly but still section of her arms, head and belly still visible. I would prefer to produce an action movie but with romantic scenes. The sources of my ideas would be the professionals in the movie production industry, newspapers and magazines, a collection of movies may be in a movie store. The available resources would also contribute significantly in determining the type of movie to produce. This is because it is important to match the depth of the available resources with the requirement of a particular genre of a movie. There are movies that are expensive to produce since they require many resources (Aronson, 2006). It involves the planning of the movie project in terms of creating

Equity law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Equity law - Essay Example Firstly, this scenario raises the issue of creation of a private express trust. An express trust is like a fiduciary relationship where the person who is the trustee holds legal title for property in trust for the beneficiary who holds the equitable title. In order for a trust to be valid, it must be in writing, it must be executed by a settler who has the necessary capacity, it must have a legal purpose, must have an identifiable beneficiary and trustee, and the intent to create a trust must be clearly identifiable. In the case of Alice’s will, the validity may not be questionable in large part because it has been set out in writing. It appears that Edward is the primary beneficiary, although he is also one of the executors of the trust. One of the issues that arises in this case is establishing the validity and authority for both Edward and Alice’s carer Sandra, to function as executors of her estate. One of the first things that must be established is whether the will as written can stand as an express trust with testamentary capacity having been adequately proved. The terms of a will can be held to be valid only if it can be shown that a testatrix was in full possession of her faculties when she made the dispositions under the will. In the recent case of McClintok v Calderwood1 this was one of the issues that was raised. In this case, the defendant was the wife of one of the deceased’s nephews. The deceased had made two wills while at a nursing home, the only difference between the two was that the first one did not name an executor, while the second named the defendant as executrix of the deceased’s estate. One of the defendant’s brothers contended that the wills were invalid for lack of testamentary capacity and for want of knowledge and approval. Testamentary capacity was however, established in the case of McClintok v Calderwood. Although the deceased had been confused at times and showed early signs

A case study on a patient with Shingles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

A case study on a patient with Shingles - Essay Example This patient has been selected because prevention and control of infection is very critical in crowded institutions like prison, immigrant camps, hostels and oldage homes. Inappropriate control of infection can lead to an outbreak and shut down of the organization. The name of the patient will not be disclosed for purpose of confidentiality. The case is presented after obtaining consent for presentation and discussion. 60 year old Mr. X was imprisoned 2 months ago. One one morning, he was noticed to have fever and malaise. Within 48 hours, Mr. X developed vesicular eruptions over the thoracic region. The physician in-charge was contacted and on examination, it was confirmed that the signs and symptoms of Mr. X relate to shingles. On inquiry, Mr. X revealed that he never contracted chicken pox in childhood and he was never vaccinated for chicken pox or shingles. There was no other case identified at the time. The physician in coordination with Infection Control and Prevention Board drew some guidelines for the management of the disease and also prevention of spread of the disease to other inmates of prison and staff. Shingles or Herpes Zoster, a viral infection caused by the virus varicella -zoster virus or VZV is a common problem in older adults like Mr. X (Cadogan, 2010). In childhood, this virus causes chicken pox. Following a clinical or sub-clinical attack in childhood, the virus remains dormant in the spinal ganglia. In adulthood, this virus can cause Shingles, which is deadlier than chicken pox. Shingles is a syndrome and is characterized by vesicular rash that is painful and unilateral. Most of the times, the distribution is dermatomal. The rash of Shingles first appears as patchy erythema with or without induration, followed by development of grouped herpetiform vesicles over the ertythematous base. However, in immunosuppression, the infection can spread and cause severe systemic illness involving of multiple organs and multiple

The Effect of Titanic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Effect of Titanic - Essay Example Titanic was a ship people dreamed to sail in. Being able to sail in Titanic was an experience cherished much. Yet, had the people known what they were destined to end in, nobody would have boarded it in the first place.A particular scene in Titanic changed me as a person. It was when Rose’s fiancà © offers the officer money to be allowed to sit in the boat, and the officer smashes the money at the fiance’s face saying it is of no use. I learned that life cannot be priced.To make the most out of my life, I derive happiness by helping and caring for others. The lesson I derive is that we should never take pride in anything in life. Everything belongs to God and He can take it from us anytime. A particular scene in Titanic changed me as a person. It was when Rose’s fiancà © offers the officer money to be allowed to sit in the boat, and the officer smashes the money at the fiance’s face saying it is of no use. I learned that life cannot be priced.  

People Love To Have Pets, But What Do Pets Want Essay Example for Free

People Love To Have Pets, But What Do Pets Want Essay There are many animals that would prefer to stay as far away from the indoors as possible! Even though some people keep their pets inside most of the time, they would much rather be outside living in their natural habitat. Many animals are covered in fur to protect them from cold weather and to keep animals such as dogs, cats, rabbits and mice is unethical treatment from humans when they would rather be outdoors where they were intended to live with other animals. There are those humans who simply don’t want to take their animals outdoors, and then there are others who enjoy caging wild animals, such as snakes, turtles, mice and lizards for their own enjoyment. It is unnatural for many animals who haven’t adapted to existing in an enclosed environment and it is unethical treatment against wildlife to hold them indoors, against their will. It is sad when you hear about people who mistreat animals and are careless to the pet’s desires of wanting to roam around in their natural habitat. There are occasions when animals are never allowed to go outdoors and are strictly kept in cages and fed manually by the pet owner. â€Å"We humans create homes that feel, smell, sound and look good to us, not our cat,† Ingrid Newkirk explains in her book, â€Å"250 Things You Can Do To Make Your Cats Adore You. † The author relates that our pets are not always comfortable and happy just because we are. We need to consider the comfort of every pet.

Lesson Planning For Inclusive Classroom

Lesson Planning For Inclusive Classroom I found three lesson plans for elementary school kindergarten, middle school grade 7-8, and high school grade 9-10. The first lesson plan is â€Å"The Four Seasons on Earth† by Kimberlee McElroy on teachnology.com. I found this lesson plan to be useful in accommodating children with learning disabilities (LD). The objective of this lesson plan is â€Å"for students to be able to name all the four seasons and to be able to describe how the weather of the seasons and to also be able to determine what should be wore and what activities are fitting for the different seasons† (McElroy, 2012). This lesson plan was designed for students who have a language impairment and to help them be able to increase their knowledge of vocabulary and their usage related to the four seasons. â€Å"Vocabulary is critical to reading success for three reasons: comprehension improves when you know what the words mean, words are the currency of communication and a robust vocabulary improves all areas of communication such as listening, speaking, reading and writing, and when children and adolescents improve their vocabulary, their academic and social confidence and competence improve, too† (Alexander, n.d. ). This lesson plan is made especially for students with LD. It will help to increase a child’s vocabulary and can also be adjusted to meet the needs of each child who has an IEP. It accommodates all types of learners and not just one type of learner. Some adaptations that could be made to the lesson plan include visual aides for the students such as real pictures of the different seasons. Different clothing items can be brought in to show what appropriate clothing is for that time of year. Also, different foods can be brought in for each of the seasons such as vegetable soup or vegetable beef soup for winter. The students can create a book of their own on each of the seasons and draw pictures or bring in pictures or items for the different seasons. Students can also write a few words that relate to the particular season such as cold, snow, and white. Those can be vocabulary words as well. Graphic organizers can be used to help a students to be able to organize the words for each season. â€Å"Graphic organizers may greatly assist students with learning disabilities in connecting new material to prior knowledge, identifying main ideas and supporting details, drawing inferences, and creating effective problem-solving strategiesâ⠂¬  (Wayne, 2011, para. 10). The lesson plan that I am using already has accommodations for special needs students such as visual sentence starters and verbal prompts. I believe I could pair students who have a learning disability with a non disabled child and have them work to help each other with their books by giving suggestions and helping to say the vocabulary words. For a child with LD, they may not be able to write a word such as snow very well so I would create a worksheet for them to be able to trace the letters. The second lesson plan is â€Å"The Pearl† by John Blackwell on teachnology.com. This is a lesson plan for grades 7-8. The objective for this lesson plan is to â€Å"Facilitate understanding of the importance of rules in society, relate decision-making skills to each students own personal experiences, foster an appreciation for reading, and help students develop an understanding for what the authors point of view and what they are trying to convey† (Blackwell, 2012). This lesson plan is tailored to meet the needs of special education students. This lesson plan was designed to help students in middle school grades to be able to enhance their reading comprehension, read novels, and to learn appropriate decision making skills (Blackwell, 2012). Reading comprehension is important for students to learn in order to be able to understand what is it that they are reading and the words that they are reading. â€Å"Without comprehension, reading is simply following words on a pa ge from left to right while sounding them out and the words on the page have no meaning and while people read for many different reasons, the chief goal is to derive some understanding of what the writer is trying to convey and make use of that information – whether for fact gathering, learning a new skill, or for pleasure† (Marshall, 2014, para. 2). Some adaptations that could be used are allowing the students to read aloud to the class if they are comfortable enough to do so. Also, the students could get in groups and act out parts of the book that way students can visually see what the story is about. A research-based strategy that can be used is a concept map and it works just like graphic organizers. They can help a child to brainstorm and map out ideas. A concept map can be used before reading begins and students can share what they already know about a concept. Then, when the reading begins, students can add to the map as a group as the story progresses. Students can also draw pictures to help them remember or understand or even use pictures form the internet or cut out to help them (Reading Rockets, 2015). This lesson plan has accommodations already but some accommodations I could recommend is allowing a students to use a text to speech program to have the book read to them if they have difficulty with reading or communication disorder. For the particular book in the lesson plan, there is an audible version of the book for students to be able to listen to the story and follow along. For a final report, accommodations such as being able to use speak to text software can help a students to be able to write their report if they have a hard time typing or writing. That way the can see what is being typed out instead of having errors throughout their paper. They also can be paired up with a partner that can help them to write their paper and get in it on time. For the last lesson plan, I chose â€Å"My Country† by Donna Lewis on teachnology.com. This lesson plan is for grades 9-10 and the objective of this lesson plan is for students to be able to apply the theories of the government, economics, and also sociology and they will be able to create their own country and do research to gather information. They will design their own government, pick a location, and create their own flag (Lewis, 2014). This lesson plan is designed to accommodate special needs students and they will be working in teams to create their own country and government. It also teaches the students about the government and also how to do research. It helps students to be able to create their own country and to see what it takes to run it. It teaches them to be able to apply concepts to real world situations they will face. Civic education means explicit and continuing study of the basic concepts and values underlying our democratic political community and constitu tional order and civic education also involves development of skills in making decisions about public issues and participating in public affairs† (Hoge, 1988, para. 2). Even students with special needs has to be able to understand how government works and how to handle public issues and to make decisions. I see this lesson plan helping a students with LD or CD to be able to use critical thinking, learn concepts to use in the real world, and to also learn how to use public speaking to their advantage. It can help to build up their confidence. Some adaptations that could be made is possibly taking a field trip to a government building such as the state capital to learn and see how the government functions on a daily basis. They can take notes and they can have a classmate help them take notes and help to translate anything a special needs students may not understand. Also, it could be arranged for the students to act out certain types of the government to help them understand how it works and hat they would like to use to develop their country. They could act out the signing of the declaration of independence and develop ideas on how to create their own. If the students is not comfortable n acting out in front of the class, then the students and team members can do it in front of the teacher only. If they are not comfortable speaking then they can use a text to speech program to speak for them and also if they have trouble with communication. A research-based strategy I really feel that works with this lesson plan is a gra phic organizer. â€Å"Graphic organizers help students to visually display, interpret, and understand complex topics† (Ketcham, 2010). I feel a graphic organizer can help students with LD and CD and even non disabled students to be able to organize their thoughts and the information they find for their design of their own country. This lesson plan has some accommodations already for it such as talking software and spelling and writing software to help students who have reading issues and difficulty writing and spelling. A speech to text software such as Dragon can be used to help students write their paper for their final project. Assigning someone from another class to help a student who may be struggling to understand the work or the assignments and reading material. Allowing the students to be assessed verbally daily can help them to be able to say what they have learned rather than type it or write it. Questions can be asked and they can answer verbally. Some ways I feel that a teacher could leverage learning strategies is by cooperative learning groups which can help students to be able to help one another. Putting non disabled students who have a firm understanding of the lesson plan can help the students with LD and CD. This goes for all of the grade level lesson plans I chose. Also, setting objectives and providing feedback can help the students to set goals at the beginning of the lesson and to set a time frame to meet those goals. Daily goals can be set by the teacher and the student. â€Å"Setting objectives establishes directions for learning and student benefit when they personalize goals set by teachers†(Pennsylvania Department of Education [PDE], 2009). Allowing students to summarize and take notes can help them along in the lesson plan to write down important information needed for an assignment. Some social interaction for all the grade level lesson plans is having the students to introduce themselves at the begin ning of the year or the beginning of a new semester or quarter. The students can write down information about themselves or they can be paired up with another students and let them introduce each other to the class. Class discussions can be done in the beginning of class about the lesson plan and also after the lesson. It is a great way to get the students to give their input on the assignment and to interact with one another. Have the students do group presentations. It can help to divide up the workload on big assignments such as the lesson plan for high school and can help students with LD and CD to have less of a burden and to also help to keep their stress level down. Some behavior supports that would work within these lesson plans are making sure the classroom environment is accommodated for students with special needs. An example is a students with ADHD. They should not be seated where there is high traffic or loud areas and away from anything that may distract them from lear ning. Having a set class schedule or routine can help students to know what is going to happen during that class period. It can help to reduce the anxiety and keep frustrations down. â€Å"A classroom schedule that is well-designed and is implemented consistently may be the single most important factor in preventing challenging behaviors† (Ruef, Higgins, Glaeser, Patnode, n.d., p. 7). Allowing the students to be able to make choices in their lives and in class can help to reduce behavioral problems. With the students being able to have input in decision making, it will help to build their self confidence and to also have a say in what goes on in their daily lives and routines within reasonable limits. It helps with their productivity and independence. Lastly, reward positive behavior. If positive behavior is being rewarded, then chances are the student will do what it is they did again. Positive reinforcement does not need to be done all the time or for everything the studen t does because then the student will depend on that positive reinforcement all the time. A reward could be extra free time or stickers for the younger students. Also using encouraging words and showing appreciation can help the child to gain self confidence. References Alexander, F. (n.d.). Understanding Vocabulary. Retrieved from http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/article/understanding-vocabulary Blackwell, J. (2012). The Pearl. Retrieved from http://www.teach-nology.com/lessons/lsn_pln_view_lessons.php?action=viewcat_id=9lsn_id=19079 Hoge, J. (1988). Civic Education in Schools. Retrieved from http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9210/civic.htm Ketcham, L. (2010). Online Graphic Organizers for Use with Special Education Students. Retrieved from http://www.mangomon.com/online-graphic-organizers-for-use-with-special-education-students/ Lewis, D. (2014). My Country. Retrieved from http://www.teach-nology.com/lessons/lsn_pln_view_lessons.php?action=viewcat_id=9lsn_id=27806 Marshall, P. (2014). The Importance of Reading Comprehension. Retrieved from http://www.k12reader.com/the-importance-of-reading-comprehension/ McElroy, K. (2012). Lesson Plan: The Four Seasons on Earth. Retrieved from http://www.teach-nology.com/lessons/lsn_pln_view_lessons.php?action=viewcat_id=9lsn_id=27155 Pennsylvania Department of Education. (2009). 9 High Leverage Strategies. Retrieved from http://stuff4educators.com/index.php?p=1_34_High-Impact-Strategies Reading Rockets. (2015). Concept Maps. Retrieved from http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/concept_maps Ruef, M., Higgins, C., Glaeser, B., Patnode, M. (n.d.). Positive behavioral support: Strategies for teachers. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032context=gse_facsei-redir=1referer=http://www.bing.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dfive%2Bways%2Bthat%2Ba%2Bteacher%2Bcould%2Bgive%2Bbehavior%2Bsupports%2B%26go%3DSubmit%2BQuery%26qs%3Dbs%26form%3DQBRE#search=%22five%20ways%20teacher%20could%20give%20behavior%20supports%22 Wayne, S. (2011). Visual, spatial displays aid students with learning disabilities. Retrieved from http://news.psu.edu/story/153017/2011/12/28/visual-spatial-displays-aid-students-learning-disabilities

Traditional and New Approaches of Media Effect

Traditional and New Approaches of Media Effect Widhia Kurnia Sukmono How do you think the media affect us? Critically evaluate debates on media effects and traditional and new approaches to media effect theories. With reference to one particular case study, provide you considered assessment of how the media influence, and affect, us. It has been widely accepted by the public that the media is capable of Influencing societies on a large scale. The media has long been deemed as a very powerful force within society that can subvert norms and values that could ultimately undermine our social order. How the media exactly affect us can be seen as a rather complex issue that concerns many media scholars for a long time. Various theories on media effect has been created by some of the world’s renowned communication scholars in order to depict how the media influence people. Debates on how the media influence may cause more harm than good Is still ongoing till now. Hence, it is the utmost importance to analyse the various models of media effect and how it has evolved in order to fully understand how the media actually influence us. Especially now since we are currently living in a media saturated culture, more than ever we depend on the media for our understanding of world events. This essay aims to analyse traditional and new approaches of media effect, and sought to debate on the credibility of various media effect theories. The five media effect theories mentioned in this essay will include the Hypodermic Needle Theory, The Reception theory, Two Step Flow theory, Catharsis theory and Encoding Decoding theory. To further the analysis of media effect on society, this essay will also touch on the subject of moral panic and how it is related to media influence. Finally, this essay will also perform a case study on the prevalence of violent behaviour among young people caused by high violent imagery portrayed by media industry. Some people argued that the amount of violence presented in the media is the core reason causing young viewers to adopt violent behaviour, but this may not be necessarily true. The idea that the media has powerful effects on people gained ground during the 1920’s and 1930’s, in light of the fascist treatment towards society and dictators utilizing the media as a propaganda tool in countries like Germany and Russia. After researcher began observing the effect of propaganda during World War 1, they brought about the very first theory of media effects which is called the Hypodermic Needle Theory or the Magic Bullet Model. The Hypodermic Needle Theory is a linear communication theory which suggests that media messages are injected directly into the brains of a passive, receptive, uncritical audience. A classic example of the application of the hypodermic needle theory was illustrated on October 30, 1938 when Orson Welles and the newly formed Mercury Theatre group broadcasted their dramatization of H.G Wells’ â€Å"War of the Worlds.† The program, which was presented in the format of a news bulletin, caused one million listener of the 12 million listener in America to be â€Å"panic-stricken†. A wave of mass hysteria disturbed households, interrupted religious services causing severe traffic jams and clogged major communication system. People even fled their homes in the city to seek shelter in more rural areas, grocery stores were raided and people began to ration food. The nation was in a state of chaos caused by a single broadcast of what was meant to be a radio dramatization of a well-known book. After the event occurred media theorist classified the â€Å"War of the Worlds† broadcast as the archetypal example of the Hypodermic Needle Theory and an example of moral panic. This event demonstrated perfectly on how the media worked, simply by injecting the message directly into the bloodstream of the public like a drug, it then successfully stimulated a uniform response from the mass population. This theory shows how audiences are seen a passive and gullible individuals who could easily be manipulated by the media. Although the Hypodermic Needle Theory has died away in the 1930’s since it fails to recognize the fact that audience themselves are active producers of meaning. Nevertheless, the Hypodermic Needle Theory is one of the earliest and fundamental theory of media effects that continues to influence the way we talk about the media and the creation of other media effect theory. However, this theory may still be applicable to children or young viewers as they are considered extremely passive audience and uncritical. They would not be able to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong and may possibly see violence as an acceptable behaviour in society. Hence, it is often recommended that media industry to apply censorship to prevent children from latching onto violent behaviour. Unlike what Hypodermic Needle Theory depicted, the media effect process can be seen as a more complex thing, the media doesn’t necessarily have total direct and powerful influence on audiences as it involve more variables. Media and audience relationship does not exist in void but is involved and influenced by many things such as social context, culture and political-economy. Audience would consists of unique individuals who have different social and culture which makes it problematic to conceptualise one mass audience. The term active audience was then created alongside the Reception theory which is the exact polar opposite of the Hypodermic Needle Theory. This theory recognises viewers as active participants in media that is able to form out unique responses from each individual viewers. Campbell and Morgan (2009) states that one particular message received by five different people most probably create five unique responses depending on personal factors such as religion, edu cation, culture, political affiliation and legal framework. Lazarsfeld and Katz (1955) also add that people may become opinion leaders, usually are individuals who pay close attention to the media. This also bring us to the next media effect theory called the Two-Flow step theory which suggest that media meanings are mediated through key individuals that influences how we think. These so called ‘opinion leaders’ sought to observe media content and pass on their interpretation of media to others. In a paper presented at the 20th Annual World Wide Web Conference in 2011, researchers managed to look into the flow of information on the social networking site Twitter and revealed that they had found significant evidence to support the Two Step Flow Theory. Researchers found that news distributed in twitter find its way through people a number of prominent and influential opinion leaders like celebrities, journalist and bloggers. Ultimately the media is no longer seen as having strong powerful direct effect on audiences anymore. (Lazar sfeld, 1955). Another theory called the Catharsis theory was created, the term â€Å"Catharsis† is derived from the Greek word Katharsis which literally means cleansing, purging, or purification. This theory has played an important role in the discussion about the effects of violence in the mass media for many years. It implies that the execution of an aggressive action under certain conditions diminishes the aggressive drive and therefore reduces the likelihood of further aggressive action. The crucial point in Catharsis Theory is that the observed aggressive action does not necessarily need to be executed in reality, it can instead take place in the audience fantasy and imaginations. This is closely linked to the consumerism aspect of mass media in whereby audiences use what they see on the media to fulfil the different needs and wants they have (Goldstein, 1998). One of the most common needs of audience is the urge to escape reality. The mass media industry is able to give these sensatio n through wide array of films or games exhibiting characteristic of tragedy and violence for the audience to cleanse their negative feelings (Campbell and Morgan, 2009). Catharsis is then deemed to be beneficial to both the individual and society. People viewing violence-oriented television programs, films or video games experiences emotional release from negative feelings such as fear and anger. The thrill and excitement delivered by these media text meets the adventurous needs of the audience without actually placing them in any real risk (Edgar, 1977). This theory then suggest that children who are exposed to violence on the media are unlikely to end up practising it, since they are purged of their aggressive drive and negative feeling. All of the theoretical approaches discussed have only allocated power to either the audience or the media. One of the pioneer works to break away from this over emphasis of unilateral power was established by Stuart Hall’s through his encoding/decoding theory developed in the 1980’s. Hall (1980) argues that media producer ‘encode’ specific meanings in media text, which is distributed to audiences who will then decode and reproduce these meanings through their own understanding (Hall, 1980 pp 128). Hall does not just chart a middle ground between audience and the media but also introduces media producers into the equation and their roles in this relationship. Hall suggest that producers of the media message would usually encodes their agendas and assumption in the media text which will then shapes the ‘preferred meanings’ of the text. Such meanings would then limit and guide audience interpretations. Similarly to the Reception theory, Hallâ€⠄¢s Encoding Decoding theory suggest that specific factors outside the media text such as gender, education and ethnicity do play a role in influencing audience’s interpretations. One of the reasons why encoding and decoding model is significant in media studies is because it balances the relationship between the media and the audience, returning some power to the media while at the same time maintaining audience as active participants. This approach acknowledges both audience and the media as sites of meaning making. Hall then further develops the audience decoding method as affected to four different levels of responsiveness. Firstly, dominant meaning the audience recognise and agree with the preferred meaning offered by media text. Secondly, oppositional meaning that the audience disagree with the preferred meaning because it contradicts to their own set of beliefs and attitudes. Thirdly, Negotiated, is when audience opposes or adapts to the preferred meaning. Finally, ab errant meaning the audience gives meanings deviant to the preferred meaning. This theory then suggest that producers of media text may encode their preferred meaning inside the text, but it is up to the audience to decode the messages from their very own perspective. By analysing these various media effect theories presented in this essay and how they have evolved. It has become clear that the way media affect us involve a particularly complex process. Nowadays the media does not directly influence us it is clear that the way the media affec These different media effect theories that are presented in this essay attempt to explain and justify the manner in which the mass media influences society are all practical in their own References: Campbell, S., Ling, R. (2009). Effects of mobile communication. In B. Jennings M. B. Oliver. (Eds.). Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 592-606). New York: Routledge, New York. : As one of the recommend readings for media effects, it draws the reality of modern society apparently and describes the way media has an influence on the modern society and human life by providing the difference between modern and past world. The more media is developed, the more convenience people are. Whilst, the more opportunities people get to share or communicate with the others, the more problems such as privacy issues or mobile violence are occurred. So this gives both sides of idea with some examples. Cline, V. B., Croft, R. G., Courrier, S. (1973). Desensitization of children to television violence.Journal of personality and social psychology,27(3), 360 : This Journal draws the present environment of children who are now surrounded by mobile technologies such as television, computer and Smartphone. Also this tells the reader that children are now exposed from violence contents. Even though most of the media such as film, news usually deals with dramatic violence; it is able to have influence on children to follow the contents recklessly. Furthermore, it proves these conditions by measuring the physical and psychological change of children and links the results with the media violence. The text criticized contemporary society that is desensitized from the conditions. Edgar, P. (1977). Children and screen violence. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press. : In this text Edgar defines what violence is and interprets the norm of violence in the area of media technologies by providing several examples. Also, it contains the theoretical research of mass media and its violence. This more focuses on the mass media violence on children and adolescence and discusses whether it is one of the most considerable issues or not in contemporary society. Goldstein, J. (Ed.). (1998). Why we watch: The attractions of violent entertainment. New York: Oxford University Press. : This text provides some reasons why people are attracted to violent entertainment in social and mass media such as films, video games, sports programs and news. Goldstein insists that the audiences may have all different reasons why they are attracted by violent media contents. For instance, some are attracted by violent content of media due to stress-elimination and some are exposed by those just for self-satisfaction in fictional places. Moreover, this points out the reason why media violence is considerable issues in modern world from different points of views and how it affects the number of people predominantly. Katz, E. Lazarsfeld, P.F. (1955) Personal influence: The part played by people in the flow of mass communications, The Free Press, New York. : In this text, Katz and Lazarsfeld analyse how mass communications and mass media affects on people and the way they will be changed. As the form of case study, the text gives fairly detail examples in real world. It also emphasises and deals with the role of the people in contemporary society such as sharing the common belief, communication or sending messages among people. Similarly, they states that messages transmitted through mass media go directly into the minds of those who receive or view the content and describes that those then leads the audiences to believe the stories conveyed and act in a uniform manner as suggested by the information they now have. Poynting, S., Morgan, G. (2009). Introduction. In S. Poynting G. Morgan (Eds.), Outrageous!: Moral panics in Australia (pp. 1-10). Hobart: Australian Clearinghouse for Youth Studies. : The text is one of the required readings for understanding the media affect. As form of case study, this provides the detailed examples and helps readers to understand the concept of moral panic in Australia clearly. Also, this text points out the connection between the impact of modern social technologies, media and past Australian society. Seymour Feshbach (Catharsis theory

Ronald Reagan Essay -- essays research papers fc

Reckoning with Reagan:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ronald Reagan was more than a president. He was a phenomenon. Since he left office in 1989, many authors have tried to effectively identify who this man really was. He was an icon to some, and an enigma to others. He stood up to the worst economic, domestic, and international threats of the time and yet, took naps in the middle of cabinet meetings. At the height of his popularity in 1986, he had, as Time magazine put it, â€Å"found America's sweet spot. â€Å" Reagan had ideals of what he felt America should be like, and made it his number one goal to share his unrelenting optimism with every person in the country. He pledged to bring Americans a â€Å"little good news.† and created a strong bond with the public. Throughout his eight years in office, he continually motivated and energized his supporters while at the same time, confounded and mystified his detractors. Reagan stood tall among the thirty-nine presidents that preceded him, and was one of the most popular leaders of the twentieth century. In his book, Reckoning with Reagan, Schaller attempted to reconcile the facts and myths that surrounded Reagan during his entrance into public service, his back to back terms as governor of California, and his eight years as President of the United States. Although, he briefly outlined Reagan's earlier years as a Hollywood actor, corporate spokesperson and motivational speaker, Schaller concentrates on the presidency and how Reagan impacted America to such a degree, that it would be felt for years to come. And for the first time since Kennedy, an era would be defined by a single man: Ronald Reagan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though he would stop short of saying that he was born in a log cabin, Ronald Reagan grew up in humble beginnings. The son of an alcoholic father whom couldn't hold down a job and a religious mother, Reagan was encouraged at an early age by his mother to act in school plays. An activity in which the young Reagan showed much promise. Because of a difficult home life, Reagan created a distance between the reality of his troubled surroundings and the fantasy of how things should be. Many believed that such mental redirection at this early age played a big role in his vision and ideals for America years later.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After he graduated high school in 1932, Reagan went to wor... ...le of a charasmatic leader in that he remained above the fray. That ability was not so much due to his personal political saavy, but rather, the public's refusal to allow him to be portrayed in any negative light, similar to a famous movie star or professional athelete caught in a compromising situation that would spell disaster for the average citizen. Instead of public outrage, the celebrity is met with sympathy and understanding as well as an odd public comdemnation of his or her accusors. As Schaefer charasmatic authority, he defined Reagan. â€Å"Charasmatic authority is derived more from the beliefs of followers than from the actual qualities of leaders. So long as people perceive a leader as having qualities setting him or her apart from ordinary citizens, that leader's authority will remain secure and often unquestioned.† (p. 431). Bibliography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shaller, Michael. Reckoning with Reagan: America and Its President in the 1980s. Oxford University Press: New York, 1992. Shaefer, Richard T. Sociology, Eighth Edition. McGraw-Hill: New York, 2003

the presidency :: essays research papers

The Presidency - The powers of the presidency are described very briefly in Article II of the Constitution. Specific powers include: - Chief Administrator - Commander-in-Chief - Chief Lawmaker - Chief Diplomat - Chief of State - In addition to those enumerated powers, presidents have claimed they have certain inherent powers to do whatever has to be done to fulfill their responsibilities as leaders. - George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln all expanded on their enumerated powers, setting a precedent for later presidents to do likewise. - Because the U.S. has become such a powerful nation, presidents have become more powerful people. They are now considered world leaders as well as national leaders. - They have also become party leaders,have to be strong communicators in the age of mass media, and serve as lobbyists for their legislative goals. - One explanation for expansion of presidential powers is that sometimes Congress lets a president take responsibility for unpopular actions, such as going to war. - America's strongest, most powerful presidents have emerged during periods of crisis, such as a war or depression. Lincoln and FDR are examples. - Popular presidents are also likely to become more powerful, because citizens trust them with power. - President Lyndon Johnson was a strong president because he believed that government should play a strong role in alleviated the nation's problems. - President Reagan, on the other hand, advocated a smaller role for government so didn't encourage national government involvement in problem solving. He was, however, known as a great communicator. - A successful candidate for the presidency must put together a winning coalition of supporters and must win 270 electoral college votes, which means winning the popular vote especially in large, highly populated states with large electoral college votes. - Although American presidents have huge responsibilities, they also have many resources to help them carry out those responsibilities. These include: - The Executive Branch establishment, which includes the White House staff, key aids (such as the chief of staff and national security advisor), and the Executive Office of the President, which consists of the OMB, Council of Economic Advisors, etc. - The Vice-President, who has only become a real resource since Jimmy Carter started using his V-P, Walter Mondale, more than any previous president. - The Cabinet, consisting of the heads of the major executive branch departments. - First Ladies sometimes serve as advisors to the president.

The Role of Chronology in Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper and Faulkners A Rose for Emily :: Yellow Wallpaper essays

The Role of Chronology in Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper and Faulkner's A Rose for Emily Chronology is the sequence of time as it occurs in events. The chronology of a story is important in order for the reader to understand the work of literature. Many stories, such as "The Yellow Wallpaper" written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, have chronological events that happen in sequence, in order of the time they happened. Other stories, such as "A Rose for Emily" written by William Faulkner, have complicated chronologies. Faulkner uses "a complicatedly disjunctive time scheme that twists chronology almost beyond recognition" (Qtd. in Moore). His story begins with an event happening in the present, regresses to an earlier event, and finally returns to the initial event. This sometimes confuses the reader. Although "The Yellow Wallpaper" and "A Rose for Emily" have different chronologies, each story's chronology affects how the reader is able to understand the work as well as the order in which the events happened. Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" has a basic and simple chronology that tells a story in an ordered time line. The protagonist Jane, also the narrator, tells the story in present tense, just as it is happening to her. The story is an "account of a woman's gradual decent into madness" (Bak 1). It starts with the narrator telling the reader "it is very seldom that mere ordinary people like John and myself secure ancestral halls for the summer" (Gilman 13). Jane and her husband rent the summerhouse in order for Jane to rest and recover from a slight depression. Jane is isolated in an upstairs nursery in a colonial mansion three miles away from the village (Bak 1). As the story progresses, the reader is able to see what Jane goes through while isolated in the house. The next instance of time that Jane mentions in the story is the passing of the Forth of July (Gilman 17). As time progresses to the end of summer, the reader is able to see how time in the house has cause d Jane's condition to deteriorate. The story ends in a mystery, but the reader is allowed to see how the story unraveled in an ordered chronological time, which makes the story less confusing.

Nursing concepts: competence, compassion, professionalism, Essay

Abstract There are different views on the concepts of nursing. Nurses can have the same views on nursing concepts as patients do with only slight difference. But overall the concepts of competence, professionalism, and compassion are viewed very similarly between the nurse and patient interviewed for this paper. Competence plays a key role in the quality of patient care. Compassion is a basis of nursing that expresses empathy towards patients, and professionalism can sometimes be based on behavior or values. Both nurse and the patient recognizes the need for these three concepts in the nursing field to better provide a better health care environment for both individuals. Introduction Nursing has four main concepts upon which it’s based open; client, health, environment, and nursing. Within these four basic concepts are a variety of nursing concepts ranging from ethics, religion, nurse’s role and many others. Though there is a long ongoing list, many of the concepts are viewed differently or similarly among nurses and patients. Upon reviewing the experience of a patient and a nurse, I have found both individuals had the common concepts of competence, professionalism, and compassion. The patient expresses the need for the nurse to be competent, professional, and compassionate. However the nurse’s experience demonstrates her compassionate attitude, professionalism and competency. Altogether both individuals recognize the importance of the three components in nursing care, as will be discussed further in the paper. Brief Analysis of Interviews E. J is currently an ER Nurse Educator who values being a competent nurse. Her typical work schedule involves making sure everyone in the ER is functioning at high competence levels. Competence in the viewpoint of E.J is having continuous knowledge, and an education to be an effective nurse. Patient J.A also views competence as an important aspect of nursing. She felt competency is apparent in the interaction between the patient and nurse and creates a lack of confidence and discomfort. However, for the patient being competent not only constitutes medical knowledge but also having experience both as a nurse and a patient as well. A competent nurse effectively creates a comfortable environment for the patient while caring for them physically is the approach taken by J.A. Moreover being culturally competent was also an important component from J.A’s substantial point of view. While being competent is important, both the nurse and patient responses revealed professionalism as another important concept in nursing. However the nurse appeared to have more concerns about a nurse’s professionalism than the patient. Maintaining practice expertise for the nurse also coincides with professionalism is one aspect perceived by E.J. J.A identifies being friendly, appropri ately addressing patients’ needs, and correctly performing tasks as characteristics of a professional. Both individuals recognized the need for professionalisms at the basic level but the nurse view point takes in consideration of ethical principles and required standards that nurses should have. Nurse Relation As both individuals describe what was rewarding or memorable about their experiences, a common concept noted was compassion. E.J exhibited compassion while J.A received compassion during her care. Through her responses, E.J views compassion as a willingness to go the extra-mile to help others and always have a willingness to help even when out of context. Similarly, J.A characterizes compassion as having empathy and truly caring about her well-being and outcome. It involves the nurse doing everything within her power to help the patient without being judgmental. For J.A, compassion is treating the patient in the same manner as the nurse would treat herself or her loved ones, if in the same situation. Overall, being competent, professional, and compassionate can have similar meanings to the nurse and the patient, with slight differences. As mentioned above, R.N. E.J.’s competency is primarily the education and knowledge obtained to successfully carry out nursing tasks. However in J.A’s point of view, competence is simply more than just academic education. The nurse is aware of the professional boundaries that the patient themselves may not be fully aware  of. For example the patient may perceive the friendliness as part of being a professional, while it might not full in line with the professional ethics of nursing. The importance of competence for the nurse is revealed when describing her daily tasks and role as a nurse educator. E.J states that daily tasks during his shift involves creating educational media, and assuring the staff in the ER department remains up to date on the many competencies required of the nurses such as consciousness sedation. He ensures the staff has the certifications necessary for the department. Making sure the nurse is knowledgeable and provides appropriate care for each patient is a key component. When describing the effects of being a nurse on her professional life, E.J recalls experiencing the death of a patient d uring her time as a pediatric nurse. E.J was caring for an infant 2 months old with a heart defect from birth, which whom was scheduled for surgery. However, on her next shift the once laughing baby became lifeless as the parents held the baby in their arms. Despite resuscitation efforts, the baby did not survive. E.J (Personal Communication, November 4, 2012) notes that often, â€Å"maintaining a level of professionalism is associated with not showing emotion around patients†, but in this scenario tears flowed down her cheeks and shared in the parents’ sorrow. For E.J (Personal Communication, November 4, 2012) â€Å"expressing that bit of emotion was a way of providing emotional support, and care which are components of professional nursing. E.J served in the military as a nurse and being able to travel coincides with compassion and use of her professionalism. On her account, the proudest she’s ever been about being a nurse was the ability to work with the humanity combat ER trauma unit. She traveled to Haiti with a reserve unit to treat and advise the citizens residing in the country’s capital Port- au-Prince. Despite knowing she would have to sleep in tents surrounded by poverty and leave her paying job, she was willing to step out of her comfort zone, and â€Å"lend a helping hand† to others in need. She states â€Å"every opportunity or chance she gets to take care of someone is a proud moment in her nursing career. E.J’s response demonstrates how the concept of compassion can and should in most cases be the driving force behind nursing care. Patient’s Relation Similar to the Nurse, the patient’s experience with the concepts were mostly  positive. After being involved in an auto mobile accident, J.A (Personal Communication, November 4, 2012) was admitted to the hospital and doctors â€Å"discovered I had a mitral-stenosis valve† and needed a valve replacement. Therefore she had to be admitted for open heart surgery. During her stay at the hospital, which lasted almost two weeks, J.A recalls the surgeon going over the procedures with her carefully. The surgeon and nurses made sure she was aware of her options, and knew what to expect with each course of action she decides to take. Patient’s description and passionate voice as she talks denotes that she trusted the nursing staff and surgeon’s judgment and had confident in them, for they displayed a good level of competency. Furthermore J.A shares how every morning the surgeon would come to her room to share news on her progress. Professionalism is being emphasize d as the patient recalls that the nurses really took priority in making sure she knew and understood what was going to take place. The health care team properly instilled veracity as part of what it means to be a professional nurse. Moreover, the nursing team was very friendly and valued her beliefs, as J.A is SDA (Seventh-Day Adventist) .She does not eat pork and one of the replacement valves offered was made with pig fat. The nurses that not withhold that information to her, but was made aware of it, so she was given the option to choose another valve made out of plastic. Also the nurses â€Å"were more than willing† to pray with her and cater to her spiritual needs even though they themselves may not have been spiritual. â€Å"Their openness to participate in my belief in God is one aspect that helped with my full recovery†, states J.A(Personal Communication, November 4, 2012). Lastly, J. A recounts a stressful situation in which she encountered while being under the care of nurses. Each night during her hospital stay the nurses would randomly awaken her to check her blood pressure. Also she noted that on one occasion the nurse was unable to locate her veins while trying to draw blood. The nurse continuously tapped her arm and stated, â€Å"You have very tiny veins†. This response shows the patient view of the nurses’ lack of professionalism and competency. Ending the interview, J.A describes what she believes characterize a good nurse. According to her, a good nurse listens to your ailments, and pays attention to what the patient says. When the nurse listens to the patient, it is important since it allows the patient to feel they are a factor in their recovery and feel more comfortable being in  the hospital environment. The nurse being able to accommodate the patient base on what they need physically, emotionally and spiritually, overall supports the idea of a nurse’s professionalism, competency and compassion from J.A’s view point. Competence Nursing Article The nursing article by Brazil K. et al focuses on the concept of competence used in care provided in long-term care homes for the elderly. It is a study to test knowledge and perceived competency among the RNs and a few LPNs as well. Lack of competence in skills such as pain management, advance care planning, care and adequate care has increased the death rate among older adults in the LTC homes (Brazil et al 2012, 77). Often this lack in competency is due to education in training of staff, and â€Å"absent communication problems among healthcare providers and family members†. The latter has resulted in bad â€Å"quality end-life care† (Brazil et al 2012, 77). The nurses were competent with coping skills of â€Å"dealing with death and dying but lack formal training in palliative care† (Brazil et al 2012, 77). This coincides with the same ideas present through the nurse educator E.J and patient J.A idea of competence. As here there is a need for continuous update of education to make sure that the nurses have current knowledge. Moreover the idea of needing cultural competence identified in the patient’s point of view is essential as well, for the nurses were not communicating successful with the relatives of the patient or the other healthcare providers. Being competent in communication skills is as import as competence in clinical skills. Though other factors acknowledged in the study, prove to contribute to difficulties in providing the necessary care, â€Å"staff competence in that field served as the major determinant in assuring quality care† (Brazil, Brink, Kaasalainen, Kelly, & McAiney, 2012, p. 79). Factors that affect or may influence â€Å"effectiveness of continuing education† to increase competency can also be important as discussed in the article (Brazil et al 2012, 79). Overall competency involves more than just one skill, and is often a major concept needed in all nurse weather Pediatric, emergency room, or home health care. However one must not overlook the fact that competency develops over time as more experience is gained. Competency also implies or portrays the importance of the concept of evidence-based nursing research, so that we can enhance the competency of  nurses with new and better applications. Demonstrating competency or excellence is also a function of professionalism. Professionalism Nursing Article According to this article there are two aspects of professionalism in, â€Å"value-based’ and â€Å"behavioral-based†, needed to â€Å"support values and ideals† (Castell 2008, p.13). Professionalism in Nursing Practice by Francesca Costell (2008) compares and contrast the different views based on the aforementioned aspects. The value basis is principles that underlie what it means to be nurses while the behavioral basis are the behaviors â€Å"one must exhibit to act professionally† (Castell 2008, p.17). She further divides value based into the categories of clinical competency (excellence), humanism, and altruism. Behavior-based was also divided into Service and ethical conduct. From behavioral stand point, castell believes that humanism is a component of professionalism because the â€Å"interaction is vital for guiding the medical profession† (2008, p.13). As E.J mentioned above, showing your human side shoes respect for the patient and â€Å" signals the worth of the individual human being and his or her belief and value system† (2008, p.13). Castell view on professionalism coincides with E. J point of view as both acknowledge the need to sometime show emotion to connect with patients. Castell’s incorporates a key aspect of professionalism, ethical conduct. An unethical clinical example mentioned is of a student nurses preparing to care for an elderly patient and the experienced nurses’ warned of his obnoxious behavior and rudeness. This was an unprofessional as Castell believes â€Å"this could have compromised the care the students gave†, as it â€Å"form pre-conceived ideas† into their minds and would now care for him based on those ideals (Castell 2008, p.15). J.A as well identified this key ethical component of professionalism for she believed the nurse should carry out the appropriate care that is mandated of her. In general the core idea of being professional is acting â€Å"with out being prejudice† and carrying out your duties as a nurse which can sometimes include displaying the humanistic side to provide efficient care. Compassion Nursing Article Exploring Compassion accredits Christianity with incorporating compassion into nursing care. Compassion in early nursing was from a Christian point of  view and then became part of contemporary nursing. According to Straughair (2012), A nurse’s strive to alleviate the suffering of the sick is through the use of compassion (161). Failing to provide compassionate nursing care is failing to meet the required professional standards. Evidence shows that lack of compassion results in poor quality care on the part of the patient, and indicates a â€Å"disregard for their dignity† (Straughair, 2012 p.162). A lack of compassion affects the quality of healthcare as a whole whether the nurse is clinically competent. Conclusion Though all three concepts are interdependent of each other they function together as a whole along with many other concepts make nursing or nurses a success. Being competence itself consists of many sub categories as it is important to be competent in many skills or aspects as a nurse and not simply one. Competency as discussed in the paper is more than knowledge or cognitive skills and encompasses culture, communication, and many others of the like. Likewise professionalism has two facades as it can be mediated by values or behavior in the nursing feel. Even though the nurse and patient may have had slightly different views for each concept, it all came together to form a basis idea. Furthermore being compassion is the basic framework of nursing as it is having the genuine care for someone and showing patients empathy. It is treating others as you would treat yourself. Caring for patients with compassion can have a lasting impact on patients in help in a speedy recovery. Implication It is important for me as I progress through my nursing practice to remember that my competency level has to reach beyond simply checking off assessment on a checklist, or a test. As I will come across patients or situations of different nature, culture and need to be able to use skills that will cater to the specific situation or need at any given time. Competency in one area neglects to fulfill the needs of the patient overall and decreases quality of care. The same principle can be applied to professionalism, as I have to know what action is appropriate for nursing professional at any given time. But also judge whether my professionalism should be based on value or behavioral. This choice will be made base on what’s best for the patient, me, as well as others involves safety and well-being at the time. References Brazil, K., Brink, P., Kaasalainen, S., Kelly, M., & McAiney, C. (2012). Knowledge and perceived competence among nurses caring for the dying in long-term care homes. International Journal Of Palliative Nursing, 18(2), 77-83. Castell, F. (2008). Professionalism in nursing practice. Nursing Journal, 1213-17. Catalano, J. T. (2012). Nursing now: today’s issues, tomorrow’s trends (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Co. Straughair, C. (2012). Exploring compassion: implications for contemporary nursing. Part 1. British Journal Of Nursing, 21(3), 160-164.

Gender Differences in Computer Attitudes Essay

The article titled â€Å"Gender Differences in Computer Attitudes, Ability, and Use in the Elementary Classroom† is written by Dr. Robin Kay who is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Education at the University Of Ontario Institute Of Technology. He has published several other articles in the field of computers and their use in education. He has also presented numerous papers at conferences both locally and internationally. Dr. Robin Kay has taught computers, mathematics, and technology for over 15 years of his career. At the end of the article Dr. Robin Kay states that the main reason for research is to assist in seeing all students develop an ability to adapt to changes in technology so that all can enjoy the benefits of the wealth of electronic information. According to the aforementioned article, Dr. Robin Kay asserts that computers play a vital and prominent role in society and it is therefore important that both boys and girls are given equal opportunities in learning, working with and benefiting from computer technology. He however notes that according to research carried out by Whitley, there is a gender imbalance in study and use of computer technology whereby computers are viewed as masculine tools. Females are less confident than boys in use of computer technology. Differences in perception of computers and computer technology can be largely attributed to the traditional attitudes that tend to spare females from technical issues thus females are generally less interested in technological issues. In the same breath, it can be concluded that even in the few cases when females are interested in computers, they are not amply encouraged to pursue this interest. Dr. Robin Kay’s research notes that existing research has not addressed the differences in computer ability between boys and girls particularly in elementary school. Lack of initial support to females at the tender age of elementary school is blamed as the genesis of the gender imbalance. Dr. Robin Kay has gone to great lengths to offer proposals and solutions to help eliminate the issue of gender imbalance The disparity between males and females and their related abilities in usage of computers and computer technology should be addressed at the grassroots level whereby efforts to encourage females to take interest should be made. It is therefore evident that Dr. Robin Kay views the gender imbalance in computer usage as a matter of perception and not practicality meaning that neither gender has an upper hand against the other if computers and computer technology were approached on an even ground. The idea of same sex computer groups would be particularly effective because it would help in alienating males who tend to be faster in grasping technological issues from females who take longer. This alongside with revised computer syllabuses for elementary schools and positive attitudes from the teachers will go a long way in bridging the gender imbalance in computer usage and benefit in elementary schools. In conclusion, Dr. Robin Kay has done a considerably good job given the fact that the scope of the research itself is limited. Gender imbalance in computer usage is not a research topic that would generate numerous noteworthy points but Dr. Robin Kay has done an outstanding job in enlightening readers on an otherwise dull topic. The solutions given to the problem of gender imbalance are workable even though they are generally limited to addressing the gender imbalance in computers and computer technology at the elementary school level: not much has been done to assist female victims of the imbalance. Affirmative action could be adopted to address the problem of females who have limited or little knowledge of computers when the females are put on the same platform with their male counterparts.

The Comedic Wave

During the time of Shakespeare, it was understood that a play described as a comedy would be one that â€Å"implies a positive understanding of human experience [. . . .] a marriage or at least some kind of union or reunion that resolves the conflict and brings the characters into a state of harmony† (McDonald, 2001, 81). This describes the storyline of Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet: it is a comedy that by modern standards would be sub-categorized as dark because much of the storyline isn’t humorous; however, the culminating events include a reunion and (a precarious) harmony among the feuding Montagues and Capulets.   The plot of Romeo and Juliet is not unique: the concept of—boy meets girl—boy courts girl—boy loses girl—is the center of many other stories, but the impact left by the wave of comedy which is created by such plot lines makes the theme one that is timeless. It seems inevitable that Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet will overcome the feuding of their families, marry, and live happily ever-after; however, this is not to be, for the lovers are â€Å"star-crossed† (Romeo and Juliet, Prologue).   The play builds to its dà ©nouement—the dual suicides of Romeo and Juliet—by taking the audience though the lives of the two youngsters as they attempt to overcome their familial origins.   By the time the audience realizes that the two lovers will unite only in death, the impact is profound. (Juliet) What's here? A cup, clos'd in my true love's hand? Poison, I see, hath been his timeless end. [. . . .] O happy dagger! [Snatches Romeo's dagger.] This is thy sheath; there rest, and let me die. She stabs herself and falls [on Romeo's body].   (V. iii. 205-206; 212-215) It is a wave that has been built slowly throughout the play—one that remains with an audience member perhaps indefinitely. The war between the Montagues and the Capulets has raged for years, and part of the tragedy which becomes darkly comedic in this piece is that the barrier that stands between Romeo and Juliet is nothing but a word: specifically a surname.   During her famous balcony speech, Juliet, thinking aloud to herself says, O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name.   (II.i.74–76) Juliet is asking the universe not where her love is, but why Romeo is a Montague.   Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations would describe the situation thusly: â€Å"one might say: the ostensive definition explains the use—the meaning—of the word when the overall role of the word in language is clear† (Wittgenstein, L, #30).   In other words, the reason Romeo and Juliet cannot wed has been determined by the definition—the â€Å"role†Ã¢â‚¬â€their respective surnames play. A truly effective comedy builds slowly, creates tension-filled expectation, and comes to a resolution that leaves a reader or an audience member with a long-lasting memory of the event.   Shakespeare creates this in Romeo and Juliet by establishing the â€Å"meaning† of the surnames of his characters, and placing each into his/her respective â€Å"role.† References McDonald, R.   (2001).   The Bedford companion to Shakespeare: An introduction with documents.   (2nd ed.).   Boston: Bedford. Shakespeare, W.   (1992).   Romeo and Juliet.   (B. A. Mowat ; P. Werstine, Ed.)   The new Folger library.   New York: Washington Square. Wittgenstein, L.   Philosophical investigations.   The Galilean library.   Retrieved November 29, 2006 from http://www.galilean-library.org/pi3.html.

Methadone Maintenance

Opiate addiction is a chronic disease that affects millions of people in the Unites States. This deadly epidemic is one that in most cases requires some form of medical treatment. There are many treatment options available to those struggling with addiction. The three most well-known options are rapid detect, jukeboxes, and methadone maintenance (Medication-Assisted Treatment for Podia Addiction Facts for Families and Friends).Though each form of treatment has its own advantages and disadvantages, they all have one common goal; drug freedom. Research has shown that those receiving treatment are nearly twice as likely to achieve their goal of drug freedom (Mayo Clinic). Opiates are highly addictive powerful drugs that are derived from the poppy plant and are generally used to relieve pain (mayo clinic). There are two types of opiates, natural and man-made. Though both are prescribed by physicians with the exception of heroin, often times when dealing with someone that has become addic ted they are obtained illegally.Because of the potential for prescribed opiates to end up being sold or traded on the streets, stricter regulations have been put in lace for physicians to prescribe them (samara). Where they were once a little quicker to write a prescription for a schedule II narcotic, they are now telling patients to â€Å"take a Ethylene or Motoring† (Levied). These regulations have become a necessity in the war against opiate addiction. Deciding to enter into treatment for opiate addiction is one that requires much thought. Generally when one decides that it is time for them to enter treatment, they have hit rock bottom (Levied).However, rock bottom is different for every person. For some, treatment may be court ordered and they are in a situation where their form of retirement is being chosen for them. For some, they are on the verge of losing everything that is important to them, or they may have already lost it. Whatever the reason may be, getting the tr eatment needed is a life changing decision. The best form of treatment varies from person to person. For some, the idea of a rapid detect would be the best. It is a quick process that only requires a short stay of usually 2-4 days in a detect facility or a hospital (mayo clinic).In most cases, the person will be given medication to assist them in dealing with the side effects of withdrawing from opiates. During a rapid detect, patients are monitored around the clock for a period of time for signs life-threatening withdrawal symptoms such as cardiac distress and seizures (ASSAM). Those that choose a rapid detect can expect to be sedated to keep them as comfortable as possible during this time period. Prior to sedation, they are generally given Maltreatment, to block the effects of opiates. Other medications may also be given during this time as withdrawal symptoms increase.In many cases medication to help control blood pressure and seizures become necessary. Jukeboxes has become popu lar because it does not require one to report to a clinic lily, but rather are given a prescription to be filled at a pharmacy. Jukeboxes comes in two forms, a tablet and a film, both are administered subliminally (jukeboxes). Though there are regulations governing the prescribing of jukeboxes, they are not nearly as strict as those in place for methadone (FDA). In order for a physician to begin prescribing jukeboxes, they are required to complete online training that is very limited (Manson).For many, that is the only training they have in addiction. Methadone is a synthetic drug that acts in a similar way to narcotics. Methadone moms in the form off tablet, powder, or liquid. The tablet and powder form are dissolved prior to administering the medication. When methadone is taken on a regular schedule, it will build up in the tissues making the effects last longer (samara). Methadone will not provide the same effects of opiates such as sedation or euphoria; it will instead block the se effects if other opiates are used (Catatonia 8). A stable dose will vary from person to person.Generally once someone achieves a stable dose of methadone it will hold them for 24-48 hours without them feeling dope sick (Levied)† Medication-assisted treatment has proven to be the most successful form of treatment for someone wishing to become drug free. However, these forms of treatment face tough criticism. It has been said that treating opiate addiction with medication is simply trading one addiction with another. However for those dealing with the daily struggle of addiction, they depend on these forms of treatment to gain control of their lives.For those people, the daily routines, the counseling, the referrals, the support of others and the consequences is what gives them hope; the pop that they will beat this disease that plagues them (in my own words). Methadone Maintenance treatment is the one form of treatment available that offers all of those things and more. When properly used, I feel that methadone maintenance treatment is the safest and most effective way to treat opiate addiction. There are many reasons that I feel methadone maintenance is the safest form of treatment available to someone battling opiate addiction.Contrary to what some may think, or some of what has been reported, these facilities can have a life changing effect on those who are committed to the program (Methadone Maintenance Treatment Facts). These programs are not only a place for someone to come in, pick up a prescription and leave. Instead these programs require patients to report daily for their medication, at least until they are able to meet all requirements for take home privileges. While there, patients interact with office staff, nursing staff, and clinical staff on a daily basis.Patients are monitored for any changes in their appearance, attitude, alertness, and overall demeanor (Levied). This helps to ensure that if someone is having an issue that staff is th ere to offer assistance right away. For many that battle addiction, Just knowing someone is there to listen and offer as much assistance as possible is enough to get them headed on the right path (In My Own Words). The guidelines set by the federal and state governments are much stricter for methadone maintenance that those set for jukeboxes (samara).For instance, in jukeboxes clients walk into a clinic to sign up and within a matter of a couple of hours they are able to walk out with at the very least medication that should last them a week. When people struggling with addiction first make the choice to enter into a retirement program, they are scared, sick, and in many cases about to lose everything important to them (In My Own Words). These patients are still using illicit drugs daily, and are at this point willing to do whatever it takes to avoid being â€Å"dope sick. Jukeboxes often ends up being sold illegally on the streets because people that have been lying, cheating, and stealing for a long period of time are now given a large amount of medication to take home with them (Levied). Methadone maintenance has a lengthy set of requirements before one is able to obtain the privilege of taking home medication (Blanchard and Crappy). One must be in treatment for 90 days, and produce at least 3 illicit free urine drug screenings before earning the privilege of one dose of medication to take home.In order for someone to have a full week worth of medication to take home with them at one time as they do in jukeboxes treatment after one day, they must be enrolled in the program for a minimum of three years and produce at least 12 illicit free urine drug screenings (SMASH). That is Just one of many requirements for one to earn the privilege of taking home their medication. They also have to participate in regular counseling sessions. The amount of time required for each session varies from patient to patient depending on the amount of time they have been enrolle d in the program as well as their use of illicit substances.Patients are required to sign releases for every physician that they see so that care can be coordinated properly. It is very important that medication that physicians prescribing other medications are aware of the patient being on methadone. By the time patients in methadone maintenance are able to start taking home doses of their medication, they have started on the right path (Levied). They are on a stable dose that effectively holds hem without the use of opiates, and they like the freedom of not having to report to the clinic to be dosed for the day.These take home bottles that are so hard to obtain, are so easy to have revoked as well. If someone produces an illicit urine drug screening, or does not get their required amount of counseling time in for the month among other things, they will have to start earning their take home privileges all over again. Those that receive take home bottles are also subjected to  "call backs (Medication-Assisted Treatment for Podia Addiction. )† This is when the client is allied and given a short notice of when they will have to report to the clinic with all of their used and unused take home bottles.At this time, the bottles are thoroughly inspected to be sure that their medication is in fact being administered the correct way (SAMARA). Because of these guidelines being as strict as they are, less methadone is sold illegally in the streets making it a safer choice. Methadone is also the safest form of treatment for pregnant women who happen to be struggling with opiate addiction (Practical Approach). In fact, it is currently the only FDA approved medication for treating opiate addiction during pregnancy Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MET): A review of Historical and Clinical Issues. When properly prescribed, methadone has proven to provide an environment that is less stressful on a developing fetus (Catatonia, 19). While a proper dose of methadone w ill help to prevent miscarriage and pre-mature labor, other forms of treatment seem to cause these issues. The use of maltreatment has been proven to cause spontaneous abortion, fetal distress, premature labor, and stillbirth Issues. ) Because methadone is a long acting medication, it is able to provide the fetus with an environment that promotes development.Though methadone during pregnancy is considered to be the safest of the options available, it comes with side effects (About Methadone). Babies born to mothers prescribed methadone are at risk for low birth weight. This is a very small risk to take when compared to risks faced with other forms of treatment such as jukeboxes or rapid detect. Some of those risks include fetal distress and miscarriage. During pregnancy, women are monitored very closely by the physician at the clinic and are also required to provide proof of prenatal care from an BOGGY (Levied).Studies have shown no long term effects on babies that are born to mothe rs prescribed methadone during their pregnancy. At birth, these babies will test positive for methadone in their systems, however are able to be weaned in a timely manner (Catatonia, 20). When compared to a rapid detoxification and jukeboxes, methadone maintenance is the safest choice. When a rapid detect lasting 2-4 days in most cases is completed, the patient is left without any aftercare other than what they obtain on their own. They are given a stack of paperwork that in most cases will contain a few referrals for mental health providers and a list of AN meetings.At this time, the patient may be wrought the worst part of the withdrawal process, but they are still unstable (ASSAM). These patients still need the support of clinical and medical personnel, but sadly many will not get that support. Those that do not will most likely find themselves in the same situation they were in previous to the rapid detect. Though patients in jukeboxes treatment have more of a clinical and medic al support than those choosing rapid detect, they still do not have the same support as those in methadone maintenance.Those Just starting out in treatment, whatever option they may choose, are at the lowest points in their lives. It is because of that I feel that they are in need of the most support that is available to them. To me, that support comes from a friendly smile when they walk into the clinic every day that reminds them that they are Just another Junkie, they are a person. They are a person that deserves to be monitored daily, given referrals for housing, food, clothing, medical care, and anything else that they could possibly need. For many addicts, the clinic is the safest place that they are in all day (In My Own Words).The goal of any form of treatment is to improve the patient's health as well as their laity of life (Marion). For many struggling with addiction, their health has come last while obtaining opiates in order to avoid feeling â€Å"dope sick† has c ome first. For many, this low point in their lives will lead them to participate in high risk behaviors. Those that find themselves addicted to opiates will often turn to theft or prostitution in order to fund their habit, while others will share needles used to administer drug such as heroin.These high risk behaviors not only put them at risk for many other infectious diseases such as Hepatitis and HIVE, but for legal troubles as well (Marion). Though the long term results of any treatment lays largely on the person in treatment, studies show methadone maintenance to be the most effective form available at this time (Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opiate Addiction). Drug freedom is a long term commitment that has to first be taken seriously by the person in treatment. If the dedication on their part is not there, the efforts of clinic staff will not be enough to help them (Pogo).Research has shown that that rapid detect treatment has a high rate of relapse (Medication- Assisted Treatment for Podia Addiction). Those that choose a rapid text as a form of treatment often have difficulty transitioning into a lifestyle of recovery. Often times, they are still living in the same places, with the same phone numbers, and associating with the same people making abstinence from opiates even harder to maintain (Mayo Clinic). For most choosing this form of treatment, it only takes one poor decision to be back in the same situation they were before.These poor decisions have devastating effects on their sobriety making this form of treatment the least effective of the three most well-known forms of medication assisted treatment. Psychosocial counseling has proven to be very beneficial to those dealing with addiction. Those enrolled in both Jukeboxes and Methadone Maintenance is required to participate in counseling. However for those that has chosen a rapid detect, this counseling is not a requirement. . Referrals are given to the patients upon discharge from the facili ty, but not everyone follows through with it .For some it is simply because they feel they do not need it, for some it is because they are unable to afford it (Mayo Clinic). Jukeboxes treatment does require some counseling though the guidelines for this is not nearly as strict as those set for ethanol maintenance. For those enrolled in a methadone maintenance treatment program, there are strict rules for clients to obtain this counseling (Pogo). Clients enrolled in a methadone maintenance program are required by state and federal regulation to have a minimum of 2. 5 hours of counseling time per month (ASSAM).Clients will usually meet with their counselors once or twice each week to discuss progress in treatment as well as the goings on in their lives. By discussing issues that the client is dealing with, the counselors are able to teach them skills that will be useful to the client as they continue on the path to drug freedom. During this counseling, clients are taught many ways to recognize triggers that were once their excuse to use illicit substances so that they are able to refrain from using (Pogo). Counselors discuss in depth the things that seem to be holding the clients back from achieving their goal of drug freedom.By doing this, they are able to form treatment plans for the client. These treatment plans list goals as well as steps needed in order to achieve the goals. If needed, clients are given referrals during this time. When referrals are given to a client, the counselor will check in with the client to see if they ere able to get the assistance they were in need of (Pogo). The fact that the counselors take the time to follow-up on things discussed during these sessions hold the client accountable for their treatment. Because they are held accountable, I feel that it helps to make methadone maintenance a more effective form of treatment.The goal of methadone maintenance treatment is to stabilize the patient. A stable dose of methadone with effect ively block the craving for one to use illicitly while avoiding withdrawal symptoms which in turn permits one to function â€Å"normally. † When taken properly, methadone will not create sedation or euphoria. It should have no adverse effects on mental capacity, motor skills, or the ability for one to maintain employment. A stable dose of methadone will hold a person for 24-48 hours which will allow them the time and energy to devote to making improvements in their lives.However, methadone maintenance treatment is a long term commitment. It can take up to a month to achieve a stable dose in order for a patient to get the most benefits out of treatment. A stable dose of methadone varies from person to person (Levied). There are many factors that will affect the dose that one would require to become stable. For many, the tolerance that they have built up over years of illicit use will require them to have a much higher dose of methadone in order to remain stable.For others, hea lth factors and other medications will affect the way their body is able to metabolize the methadone requiring them to have a higher or lower dose. Once a stable dose is achieved, one is usually able to begin the process of getting their lives back on track by dealing legal obligations, following up on medical care that has been pushed to the side, and mending broken relationships with family members (Pogo). The longer one remains committed to treatment; they will have a greater success rate for maintaining their goal of drug freedom.It is recommended that one remain in a methadone maintenance program for a minimum of one year. For many, once they achieve a stable dose and they are able to provide illicit free urine drug screenings, they feel that they will be able to effectively remain drug free on their own. In these cases, the rate of relapse is much higher than those who remain committed to the program for a year or in many cases longer (Methadone Is an Effective Treatment for H eroin Addiction). Those who remain in treatment for at least year are nearly three times as likely to remain drug free than those who are only in treatment for a short period of time.In a methadone maintenance program, the patient along with the influence of clinical and medical staff decide when they have reached a point in their treatment that they are ready to begin decreasing their dose in order to discharge from the treatment program. There is no set time frame to this process. When one decides they are ready to begin decreasing, they have generally been on a stable dose for an extended period of time and have shown that they are able to effectively manage heir new abstinent lifestyle.Patients that decrease their doses slowly have proven to have the most success in remaining drug free. The slow taper allows their bodies time to adjust to the change in medication so that they are able to refrain from having withdrawal symptoms. These withdrawal symptoms are what will push a pers on into illicit opiate use again. Once a decrease in a person's methadone dose is taken, they are encouraged to remain at that lower dose for a period of at least 2-4 weeks.During this time, the clinical and medical staff is able to monitor the patient o ensure that they are handling the decrease in medication with no adverse effects. This process for tapering will continue until the patient has reached a dose of OMG when they will be able to â€Å"walk off' from the treatment. After the patient has been able to discontinue the use of methadone, they will still receive after care. Clinical staff will make phone calls to check in on the patient and offer them resources that will assist them in remaining drug free.Methadone and Jukeboxes clinics face tough criticism from many. People living in communities where these clinics are located are often unpleased with having a clinic n their neighborhood. Many feel that it will bring drug addicts and crime into their otherwise peaceful neig hborhoods (Swisher). What they fail to realize is that these addicts are a part of their communities regardless of if they are enrolled in a treatment facility or not (In My Own Words). It is a common misconception that it is very easy to â€Å"pick out† an addict (Mayo Clinic).However, that could not be more untrue. There are people everywhere that struggle daily with addiction. Some of these are doctors, lawyers, teachers, actors and actresses, and professional sports figures to name a few (Mayo Clinic). These are people that are clean, well dressed, well groomed and well spoken. Not every addict lacks personal hygiene and an education. There are certain risk factors that may be a factor in opiate addiction. For many who suffer from addiction, the environment that they are in plays a large role in them remaining dependent on illicit substances.There are also inherited traits that will influence one's addiction. Those that have immediate family that suffers with addiction ar e at a higher risk of also having addiction issues themselves. Research has also shown that males are nearly twice as likely to have addiction problems as males (Mayo Clinic). Methadone was approved by the FDA in 1972 for the treatment of opiate addiction. Methadone is considered to be the most effective treatment available to those addicted to opiates (Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MET): A Review of Historical and Clinical Issues).It is estimated that upwards of 170,000 individuals in the United States currently are enrolled in a methadone maintenance program. It has been proven that illicit drug use has decline by over 60% for those that have been enrolled in a methadone maintenance program for a year. For those that main committed to the program for at least two years, the use of illicit opiates declines by nearly 85% (Accreditation Of Methadone Maintenance Treatment: Assuring Quality of Care. ) Furthermore, crimes committed by these individuals are also significantly reduced. After lengthy research, I am confident is saying that methadone maintenance treatment is not only the safest method of medication assisted treatment available to those battling opiate addiction, but it is also the most effective Accreditation of Methadone Maintenance Treatment: Assuring Quality of Care). The regulations overriding methadone maintenance are much stricter than those for other forms of treatment. Methadone maintenance is the only form of medication assisted treatment that is approved by the FDA for pregnant women.It also remains the form of treatment that has the most thorough requirements for admission, and for supplemental and after care. As with any form of treatment, there are pros and cons, however it has been proven that for someone struggling with this disease that the pros far outweigh the cons. This form of medication has assisted thousands of people in getting their lives back. It has made it possible for patients to function successfully in society. These pe ople will be able to maintain employment and be productive. The counseling that they receive will help them to recognize triggers and effectively avoid them. Methadone Maintenance Opiate addiction is a chronic disease that affects millions of people in the Unites States. This deadly epidemic is one that in most cases requires some form of medical treatment. There are many treatment options available to those struggling with addiction. The three most well-known options are rapid detect, jukeboxes, and methadone maintenance (Medication-Assisted Treatment for Podia Addiction Facts for Families and Friends).Though each form of treatment has its own advantages and disadvantages, they all have one common goal; drug freedom. Research has shown that those receiving treatment are nearly twice as likely to achieve their goal of drug freedom (Mayo Clinic). Opiates are highly addictive powerful drugs that are derived from the poppy plant and are generally used to relieve pain (mayo clinic). There are two types of opiates, natural and man-made. Though both are prescribed by physicians with the exception of heroin, often times when dealing with someone that has become addic ted they are obtained illegally.Because of the potential for prescribed opiates to end up being sold or traded on the streets, stricter regulations have been put in lace for physicians to prescribe them (samara). Where they were once a little quicker to write a prescription for a schedule II narcotic, they are now telling patients to â€Å"take a Ethylene or Motoring† (Levied). These regulations have become a necessity in the war against opiate addiction. Deciding to enter into treatment for opiate addiction is one that requires much thought. Generally when one decides that it is time for them to enter treatment, they have hit rock bottom (Levied).However, rock bottom is different for every person. For some, treatment may be court ordered and they are in a situation where their form of retirement is being chosen for them. For some, they are on the verge of losing everything that is important to them, or they may have already lost it. Whatever the reason may be, getting the tr eatment needed is a life changing decision. The best form of treatment varies from person to person. For some, the idea of a rapid detect would be the best. It is a quick process that only requires a short stay of usually 2-4 days in a detect facility or a hospital (mayo clinic).In most cases, the person will be given medication to assist them in dealing with the side effects of withdrawing from opiates. During a rapid detect, patients are monitored around the clock for a period of time for signs life-threatening withdrawal symptoms such as cardiac distress and seizures (ASSAM). Those that choose a rapid detect can expect to be sedated to keep them as comfortable as possible during this time period. Prior to sedation, they are generally given Maltreatment, to block the effects of opiates. Other medications may also be given during this time as withdrawal symptoms increase.In many cases medication to help control blood pressure and seizures become necessary. Jukeboxes has become popu lar because it does not require one to report to a clinic lily, but rather are given a prescription to be filled at a pharmacy. Jukeboxes comes in two forms, a tablet and a film, both are administered subliminally (jukeboxes). Though there are regulations governing the prescribing of jukeboxes, they are not nearly as strict as those in place for methadone (FDA). In order for a physician to begin prescribing jukeboxes, they are required to complete online training that is very limited (Manson).For many, that is the only training they have in addiction. Methadone is a synthetic drug that acts in a similar way to narcotics. Methadone moms in the form off tablet, powder, or liquid. The tablet and powder form are dissolved prior to administering the medication. When methadone is taken on a regular schedule, it will build up in the tissues making the effects last longer (samara). Methadone will not provide the same effects of opiates such as sedation or euphoria; it will instead block the se effects if other opiates are used (Catatonia 8). A stable dose will vary from person to person.Generally once someone achieves a stable dose of methadone it will hold them for 24-48 hours without them feeling dope sick (Levied)† Medication-assisted treatment has proven to be the most successful form of treatment for someone wishing to become drug free. However, these forms of treatment face tough criticism. It has been said that treating opiate addiction with medication is simply trading one addiction with another. However for those dealing with the daily struggle of addiction, they depend on these forms of treatment to gain control of their lives.For those people, the daily routines, the counseling, the referrals, the support of others and the consequences is what gives them hope; the pop that they will beat this disease that plagues them (in my own words). Methadone Maintenance treatment is the one form of treatment available that offers all of those things and more. When properly used, I feel that methadone maintenance treatment is the safest and most effective way to treat opiate addiction. There are many reasons that I feel methadone maintenance is the safest form of treatment available to someone battling opiate addiction.Contrary to what some may think, or some of what has been reported, these facilities can have a life changing effect on those who are committed to the program (Methadone Maintenance Treatment Facts). These programs are not only a place for someone to come in, pick up a prescription and leave. Instead these programs require patients to report daily for their medication, at least until they are able to meet all requirements for take home privileges. While there, patients interact with office staff, nursing staff, and clinical staff on a daily basis.Patients are monitored for any changes in their appearance, attitude, alertness, and overall demeanor (Levied). This helps to ensure that if someone is having an issue that staff is th ere to offer assistance right away. For many that battle addiction, Just knowing someone is there to listen and offer as much assistance as possible is enough to get them headed on the right path (In My Own Words). The guidelines set by the federal and state governments are much stricter for methadone maintenance that those set for jukeboxes (samara).For instance, in jukeboxes clients walk into a clinic to sign up and within a matter of a couple of hours they are able to walk out with at the very least medication that should last them a week. When people struggling with addiction first make the choice to enter into a retirement program, they are scared, sick, and in many cases about to lose everything important to them (In My Own Words). These patients are still using illicit drugs daily, and are at this point willing to do whatever it takes to avoid being â€Å"dope sick. Jukeboxes often ends up being sold illegally on the streets because people that have been lying, cheating, and stealing for a long period of time are now given a large amount of medication to take home with them (Levied). Methadone maintenance has a lengthy set of requirements before one is able to obtain the privilege of taking home medication (Blanchard and Crappy). One must be in treatment for 90 days, and produce at least 3 illicit free urine drug screenings before earning the privilege of one dose of medication to take home.In order for someone to have a full week worth of medication to take home with them at one time as they do in jukeboxes treatment after one day, they must be enrolled in the program for a minimum of three years and produce at least 12 illicit free urine drug screenings (SMASH). That is Just one of many requirements for one to earn the privilege of taking home their medication. They also have to participate in regular counseling sessions. The amount of time required for each session varies from patient to patient depending on the amount of time they have been enrolle d in the program as well as their use of illicit substances.Patients are required to sign releases for every physician that they see so that care can be coordinated properly. It is very important that medication that physicians prescribing other medications are aware of the patient being on methadone. By the time patients in methadone maintenance are able to start taking home doses of their medication, they have started on the right path (Levied). They are on a stable dose that effectively holds hem without the use of opiates, and they like the freedom of not having to report to the clinic to be dosed for the day.These take home bottles that are so hard to obtain, are so easy to have revoked as well. If someone produces an illicit urine drug screening, or does not get their required amount of counseling time in for the month among other things, they will have to start earning their take home privileges all over again. Those that receive take home bottles are also subjected to  "call backs (Medication-Assisted Treatment for Podia Addiction. )† This is when the client is allied and given a short notice of when they will have to report to the clinic with all of their used and unused take home bottles.At this time, the bottles are thoroughly inspected to be sure that their medication is in fact being administered the correct way (SAMARA). Because of these guidelines being as strict as they are, less methadone is sold illegally in the streets making it a safer choice. Methadone is also the safest form of treatment for pregnant women who happen to be struggling with opiate addiction (Practical Approach). In fact, it is currently the only FDA approved medication for treating opiate addiction during pregnancy Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MET): A review of Historical and Clinical Issues. When properly prescribed, methadone has proven to provide an environment that is less stressful on a developing fetus (Catatonia, 19). While a proper dose of methadone w ill help to prevent miscarriage and pre-mature labor, other forms of treatment seem to cause these issues. The use of maltreatment has been proven to cause spontaneous abortion, fetal distress, premature labor, and stillbirth Issues. ) Because methadone is a long acting medication, it is able to provide the fetus with an environment that promotes development.Though methadone during pregnancy is considered to be the safest of the options available, it comes with side effects (About Methadone). Babies born to mothers prescribed methadone are at risk for low birth weight. This is a very small risk to take when compared to risks faced with other forms of treatment such as jukeboxes or rapid detect. Some of those risks include fetal distress and miscarriage. During pregnancy, women are monitored very closely by the physician at the clinic and are also required to provide proof of prenatal care from an BOGGY (Levied).Studies have shown no long term effects on babies that are born to mothe rs prescribed methadone during their pregnancy. At birth, these babies will test positive for methadone in their systems, however are able to be weaned in a timely manner (Catatonia, 20). When compared to a rapid detoxification and jukeboxes, methadone maintenance is the safest choice. When a rapid detect lasting 2-4 days in most cases is completed, the patient is left without any aftercare other than what they obtain on their own. They are given a stack of paperwork that in most cases will contain a few referrals for mental health providers and a list of AN meetings.At this time, the patient may be wrought the worst part of the withdrawal process, but they are still unstable (ASSAM). These patients still need the support of clinical and medical personnel, but sadly many will not get that support. Those that do not will most likely find themselves in the same situation they were in previous to the rapid detect. Though patients in jukeboxes treatment have more of a clinical and medic al support than those choosing rapid detect, they still do not have the same support as those in methadone maintenance.Those Just starting out in treatment, whatever option they may choose, are at the lowest points in their lives. It is because of that I feel that they are in need of the most support that is available to them. To me, that support comes from a friendly smile when they walk into the clinic every day that reminds them that they are Just another Junkie, they are a person. They are a person that deserves to be monitored daily, given referrals for housing, food, clothing, medical care, and anything else that they could possibly need. For many addicts, the clinic is the safest place that they are in all day (In My Own Words).The goal of any form of treatment is to improve the patient's health as well as their laity of life (Marion). For many struggling with addiction, their health has come last while obtaining opiates in order to avoid feeling â€Å"dope sick† has c ome first. For many, this low point in their lives will lead them to participate in high risk behaviors. Those that find themselves addicted to opiates will often turn to theft or prostitution in order to fund their habit, while others will share needles used to administer drug such as heroin.These high risk behaviors not only put them at risk for many other infectious diseases such as Hepatitis and HIVE, but for legal troubles as well (Marion). Though the long term results of any treatment lays largely on the person in treatment, studies show methadone maintenance to be the most effective form available at this time (Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opiate Addiction). Drug freedom is a long term commitment that has to first be taken seriously by the person in treatment. If the dedication on their part is not there, the efforts of clinic staff will not be enough to help them (Pogo).Research has shown that that rapid detect treatment has a high rate of relapse (Medication- Assisted Treatment for Podia Addiction). Those that choose a rapid text as a form of treatment often have difficulty transitioning into a lifestyle of recovery. Often times, they are still living in the same places, with the same phone numbers, and associating with the same people making abstinence from opiates even harder to maintain (Mayo Clinic). For most choosing this form of treatment, it only takes one poor decision to be back in the same situation they were before.These poor decisions have devastating effects on their sobriety making this form of treatment the least effective of the three most well-known forms of medication assisted treatment. Psychosocial counseling has proven to be very beneficial to those dealing with addiction. Those enrolled in both Jukeboxes and Methadone Maintenance is required to participate in counseling. However for those that has chosen a rapid detect, this counseling is not a requirement. . Referrals are given to the patients upon discharge from the facili ty, but not everyone follows through with it .For some it is simply because they feel they do not need it, for some it is because they are unable to afford it (Mayo Clinic). Jukeboxes treatment does require some counseling though the guidelines for this is not nearly as strict as those set for ethanol maintenance. For those enrolled in a methadone maintenance treatment program, there are strict rules for clients to obtain this counseling (Pogo). Clients enrolled in a methadone maintenance program are required by state and federal regulation to have a minimum of 2. 5 hours of counseling time per month (ASSAM).Clients will usually meet with their counselors once or twice each week to discuss progress in treatment as well as the goings on in their lives. By discussing issues that the client is dealing with, the counselors are able to teach them skills that will be useful to the client as they continue on the path to drug freedom. During this counseling, clients are taught many ways to recognize triggers that were once their excuse to use illicit substances so that they are able to refrain from using (Pogo). Counselors discuss in depth the things that seem to be holding the clients back from achieving their goal of drug freedom.By doing this, they are able to form treatment plans for the client. These treatment plans list goals as well as steps needed in order to achieve the goals. If needed, clients are given referrals during this time. When referrals are given to a client, the counselor will check in with the client to see if they ere able to get the assistance they were in need of (Pogo). The fact that the counselors take the time to follow-up on things discussed during these sessions hold the client accountable for their treatment. Because they are held accountable, I feel that it helps to make methadone maintenance a more effective form of treatment.The goal of methadone maintenance treatment is to stabilize the patient. A stable dose of methadone with effect ively block the craving for one to use illicitly while avoiding withdrawal symptoms which in turn permits one to function â€Å"normally. † When taken properly, methadone will not create sedation or euphoria. It should have no adverse effects on mental capacity, motor skills, or the ability for one to maintain employment. A stable dose of methadone will hold a person for 24-48 hours which will allow them the time and energy to devote to making improvements in their lives.However, methadone maintenance treatment is a long term commitment. It can take up to a month to achieve a stable dose in order for a patient to get the most benefits out of treatment. A stable dose of methadone varies from person to person (Levied). There are many factors that will affect the dose that one would require to become stable. For many, the tolerance that they have built up over years of illicit use will require them to have a much higher dose of methadone in order to remain stable.For others, hea lth factors and other medications will affect the way their body is able to metabolize the methadone requiring them to have a higher or lower dose. Once a stable dose is achieved, one is usually able to begin the process of getting their lives back on track by dealing legal obligations, following up on medical care that has been pushed to the side, and mending broken relationships with family members (Pogo). The longer one remains committed to treatment; they will have a greater success rate for maintaining their goal of drug freedom.It is recommended that one remain in a methadone maintenance program for a minimum of one year. For many, once they achieve a stable dose and they are able to provide illicit free urine drug screenings, they feel that they will be able to effectively remain drug free on their own. In these cases, the rate of relapse is much higher than those who remain committed to the program for a year or in many cases longer (Methadone Is an Effective Treatment for H eroin Addiction). Those who remain in treatment for at least year are nearly three times as likely to remain drug free than those who are only in treatment for a short period of time.In a methadone maintenance program, the patient along with the influence of clinical and medical staff decide when they have reached a point in their treatment that they are ready to begin decreasing their dose in order to discharge from the treatment program. There is no set time frame to this process. When one decides they are ready to begin decreasing, they have generally been on a stable dose for an extended period of time and have shown that they are able to effectively manage heir new abstinent lifestyle.Patients that decrease their doses slowly have proven to have the most success in remaining drug free. The slow taper allows their bodies time to adjust to the change in medication so that they are able to refrain from having withdrawal symptoms. These withdrawal symptoms are what will push a pers on into illicit opiate use again. Once a decrease in a person's methadone dose is taken, they are encouraged to remain at that lower dose for a period of at least 2-4 weeks.During this time, the clinical and medical staff is able to monitor the patient o ensure that they are handling the decrease in medication with no adverse effects. This process for tapering will continue until the patient has reached a dose of OMG when they will be able to â€Å"walk off' from the treatment. After the patient has been able to discontinue the use of methadone, they will still receive after care. Clinical staff will make phone calls to check in on the patient and offer them resources that will assist them in remaining drug free.Methadone and Jukeboxes clinics face tough criticism from many. People living in communities where these clinics are located are often unpleased with having a clinic n their neighborhood. Many feel that it will bring drug addicts and crime into their otherwise peaceful neig hborhoods (Swisher). What they fail to realize is that these addicts are a part of their communities regardless of if they are enrolled in a treatment facility or not (In My Own Words). It is a common misconception that it is very easy to â€Å"pick out† an addict (Mayo Clinic).However, that could not be more untrue. There are people everywhere that struggle daily with addiction. Some of these are doctors, lawyers, teachers, actors and actresses, and professional sports figures to name a few (Mayo Clinic). These are people that are clean, well dressed, well groomed and well spoken. Not every addict lacks personal hygiene and an education. There are certain risk factors that may be a factor in opiate addiction. For many who suffer from addiction, the environment that they are in plays a large role in them remaining dependent on illicit substances.There are also inherited traits that will influence one's addiction. Those that have immediate family that suffers with addiction ar e at a higher risk of also having addiction issues themselves. Research has also shown that males are nearly twice as likely to have addiction problems as males (Mayo Clinic). Methadone was approved by the FDA in 1972 for the treatment of opiate addiction. Methadone is considered to be the most effective treatment available to those addicted to opiates (Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MET): A Review of Historical and Clinical Issues).It is estimated that upwards of 170,000 individuals in the United States currently are enrolled in a methadone maintenance program. It has been proven that illicit drug use has decline by over 60% for those that have been enrolled in a methadone maintenance program for a year. For those that main committed to the program for at least two years, the use of illicit opiates declines by nearly 85% (Accreditation Of Methadone Maintenance Treatment: Assuring Quality of Care. ) Furthermore, crimes committed by these individuals are also significantly reduced. After lengthy research, I am confident is saying that methadone maintenance treatment is not only the safest method of medication assisted treatment available to those battling opiate addiction, but it is also the most effective Accreditation of Methadone Maintenance Treatment: Assuring Quality of Care). The regulations overriding methadone maintenance are much stricter than those for other forms of treatment. Methadone maintenance is the only form of medication assisted treatment that is approved by the FDA for pregnant women.It also remains the form of treatment that has the most thorough requirements for admission, and for supplemental and after care. As with any form of treatment, there are pros and cons, however it has been proven that for someone struggling with this disease that the pros far outweigh the cons. This form of medication has assisted thousands of people in getting their lives back. It has made it possible for patients to function successfully in society. These pe ople will be able to maintain employment and be productive. The counseling that they receive will help them to recognize triggers and effectively avoid them.