Pursuit of Ideal Body Image

Presentation In Pursuit of Ideal Body Image, the two ladies and men take exceptional measures to accomplish the ideal self-perception. In a general public fixated on weight reduction or gain and physical magnificence, individuals utilize different systems, for example, the utilization of steroids, diets and medical procedure, among different components, to accomplish attractiveness.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Pursuit of Ideal Body Image explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In tending to the self-perception issue, Hesse-Biber, Petrocelli et al, have done serious exploration by acquiring individual declarations on the persuading factors as why individuals use diets or steroids to get an ideal self-perception they so long for. The trio, through their exploration, has examined this issue by grasping the social, monetary and social variables, with respect to why most people resort to different techniques to achieve a perfect self-perception. In t he book, The Spread of the Cult of Thinness by Sharlene Hesse-Biber, the writer utilizes the analogy of a religion to outline how ladies adore their physical pictures. The interest on ladies to perform body custom and penances to accomplish ultra-thin beliefs is introduced. Anabolic steroids were first distinguished during the 1930s. The American College of Sports Medicine recognizes that they work for specific people. Despite the fact that they are utilized remedially in medication to animate bone development and hunger, unreasonable use represents a wellbeing hazard. In the book Getting Huge, Getting Ripped: A subjective Exploration of Recreational Steroid Use, Petrocelli et al contemplates the steroid use by jocks (Petrocelli et al). He represents their own experiences on the reasons they utilize these substances, in spite of their insight on the unfavorable impacts steroids. Then again, competitors are feeling the squeeze to perform, and make a brand that effectively gives suppo rts, compensation addition and potential to increase a favorable position over contenders. Consequently, they have held onto steroid as an alternate way of accomplishing their objectives. How far people will go in quest for a perfect self-perception People go to boundaries in quest for physical allure. An individual is self-discerning of their own physical appearance henceforth, affecting wellbeing decisions they make. For the most part, according to some social goals, some will in general teach the thought that magnificence is ‘thinness’. As indicated by, Hesse-Biber, the inquiry ‘Am I dainty enough yet?’ offers some provocative bits of knowledge (3). Hesse-Biber features how these social tendencies keep on dissolving fearlessness of ladies as they intend to accomplish the American standard of physical flawlessness (8). For instance, in the outline, we meet Delia and Lauren, two ladies so engrossed with their physical picture that they are eager to go exce ptional lengths to the point of starving themselves (Hesse-Biber, 22).Advertising Looking for paper on manner of speaking? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Delia and Lauren setting speaks to a bigger level of ladies with comparable fixation in our advanced age. These fixations have prompted significant outcomes as the utilization of steroids prompts experiencing anorexia and bulimia. Also, the fixation on the physical body has not exclusively been an act of more seasoned ladies. Rates of young ladies at a youthful age have extra time joined the pattern. Lauren, who is under ten years, shows this unmistakably. She encounters pressure from her companions in her moving class to show up with a particular goal in mind. Henceforth, a steroid offers her the arrangement. Alternately, Janet, constrained to get more fit, experiences a medical procedure that appallingly leaves her with a ceaseless sickness (Hesse-Biber, 101). Ladies ov er all age bunches have been constrained to conflict with their; mental, affordable and social weights, to create dietary issues that are pointless, as showed by Lauren and Janet (Hesse-Biber, 101). There is an aggregate judgment in our current culture of the perfect self-perception. Magnificence can't be evaluated or dispassionately estimated, and by definition, it is a perfect for the individuals who take a stab at it. In the event that they can bear to achieve the wonder measures of a particular culture, those qualities must be supported. Sadly, these guidelines have been made difficult to achieve, prompting the mistake and the fixation on a perfect self-perception. Magnificence is an essential for both womanliness and manliness. Thus, more people the same, today take steroids. As per Petrocelli et al, anabolic steroids utilized by muscle heads, give exhaustive bits of knowledge into its tendency, example of utilization and medical problems. At first, the inspiration for physical engaging quality was only for excellence purposes in any case, at present social portability, media, peer impact and athletes’ marking are basic variables adding to their expanded use. Is this a cutting edge issue? People’s weaknesses about their picture have consistently been there. As of late, these fixations have been on the expansion. The estimation of magnificence principles changes after some time. By and by, research, media inclusion and the web have added to the mindfulness levels by the general population on body builders’ utilization of steroids. Also, the media, financial, social and companion pressures have had an impact on consuming less calories and unexpected weakness decisions. With an end goal to achieve a set standard on self-perception this has come about to extraordinary eating less junk food and medication use. In spite of the fact that the effect of extraordinary eating less junk food and utilization of steroids seems, by all accounts, to be a cutting edge issue, it is contended to be an issue that goes back to hundreds of years prior. As exceptional sorts of symbolism of excellence differ, an individual’s body is probably going to shift too.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Pursuit of Ideal Body Image explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The quest for physical flawlessness started hundreds of years prior, however lately, the guidelines and inspiration have extraordinarily changed. During the sixteenth century, most European ladies grasped the undergarments made of toughened show-stopper to level their bosom and mid-region. Midriff was not saved, however they had a bit of mental or wood put on their chest trying to accomplish an ideal abdomen picture. In mid-nineteenth century, fixed girdles were again presented in North America and different pieces of Europe. In spite of their physicians’ guidance on their likely impact to cause pneumonic illness and inner organ harm, numerous ladies kept on ignoring this expert counsel. Anabolic steroid use has been a pattern of competitors since the 1950’s. In any case, it was not until 1980’s that the national American competitors began to endorse its illicit supplementation (Hesse-Biber, 201). The athletes’ saw their utilization as a system to support their exhibition, capacities, compensation and draw in significant supports. Consistently, our general public has become fat-phobic. This is obvious, taking a look through media; both electronic and print media. Projects that incorporate unscripted TV dramas and promoting efforts advance the idea on the American standard of physical flawlessness. This is accomplished by connecting with watchers in progressing social preferences on self-perception. Innovation has not been saved possibly; it has been instrumental in the quest for perfect allure. In doing as such, these instruments have empowered the utilization of steroids and outrageous eating fewer carbs that doesn't require avocation, without fundamentally representing the repercussions (Petrocelli et al). How these beliefs spread and negative outcomes of self-perception perfect According to Hesse-Biber, poor self-perception significantly affects dietary problems. These disarranges incorporate bulimia, anorexia nervosa or gorging in the two people (153). A negative self-perception empowers various reckless practices involving exercise reliance, dietary problems or steroid misuse. Alongside the media when all is said in done, sites add to the expanded dietary problems. They don't legitimately endorse measures to handle these disarranges yet advance the idea on the impression of the perfect self-perception, the body must be very slight. These discernments are slanted because of psychological contortion, for instance, some anorexic individuals allude to these ideas as ‘thin inspiring’. Beforehand, dietary issues, diet pills and picture fixation was rel ated generally with ladies, yet as substantiated by Petrocelli et al, there has been an ongoing contention encompassing men and steroids, including significant competitors. The strain to take after the ideal models on magazines and grow very much etched male models is similarly another issue.Advertising Searching for paper on manner of speaking? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The intention is to utilize them to advance games, gems, aromas or garments, without essentially mulling over the outcomes and long haul impacts (Petrocelli et al). Our general public has become focused on the sex intrigue of people as opposed to recognizing individuals as indicated by what one offers intellectually and mentally to society. Despite the fact that individuals utilizing steroids have voiced worries of being gotten under their impact, they stay troubled about halting its utilization. Positive results In tending to issues of cultural view on the picture, there are certain perspectives with this impact. Hesse-Biber gives new systems to help tackle medical problems looked by ladies by and large as well as, the newcomers to the â€Å"Cult of Thinness† (152). In doing so it enables ladies to adjust their point of view on what magnificence is and conquering body uncertainty. Wellbeing decisions and points of view create through the span of an individual’s life. A long these lines, for change to happen, it requires some serious energy and exertion. Individual reflection on encounters that impact mentalities on self-perception from youth peer pressure or the media may similarly demonstrate ben

Contextual Factors Of Beauty And Fitness Centre - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk about the Contextual Factors Of Beauty And Fitness Center. Answer: Presentation Logical Factors are those components which influence associations diversely dependent on their attributes. Globalization has been changing the manner in which nations work together since numerous years. Australia joined the rush of globalization in 80s up to that point Australia was rehearsing mercantilism. However, mercantilism offered ascend to joblessness and high expansion, it was then that Australia opened its entryways for worldwide organizations. This report will talk about effect of globalization on administration industry in Australia and how as a relevant factor does globalization influence the business procedure of a marvel and wellness business in Australia. As attention to advantages of keeping up a sound way of life is expanding, Beauty and health industry has gotten well known decision for speculation by business visionaries. Wellness industry incorporates everything from rec centers and spas to magnificence salons and male grooming(Business Franchise, 2014). Magnificence and health Industry in Australia Wellbeing business sector of Australia has pulled in part of venture as of late and has pulled in parcel of advancements. In 2014, IBISworld report expressed that in next five years Australian wellness industrys incomes are relied upon to reach $ 3.4 Billion which incorporates individual preparing and weight reduction services(Business Franchise, 2014). Wellness and magnificence industry has additionally observed a flood in work, 25% expansion in health specialists and 25% increment in excellence advisors since 2011(Australian, 2017). Inward Organizational Factors Inward business condition contains factors which are inside the control of organization and which sway the methodology it follows for success(Pestle Analysis, 2015). Following are some inside Factors and their consequences for business: All around Trained Staff: Labor in this industry is the significant determinant of cost. Work contains fitness coaches, educators, client care officials and promoting experts. Magnificence and wellness organizations are intensely dependent on work which is the principle reason of developing pattern of unstaffed rec center. These exercise centers work 24 hours and spares compensation too. All around prepared staff is key driver of an exercise centers accomplishment as interest for fitness coach is additionally on a high(Fitness Australia, 2016). Mechanically Advanced Equipment: Its critical to keep the most recent preparing hardware. Despite the fact that development in this industry is restricted as activities like cardio and loads for the most part are finished by attempted and tried strategies. Advancements are constrained to CrossFit gear as it were. Area: Areas wide open air spaces and wonderful climate see lower interest for exercise center offices then again progressively business locales will in general utilize private wellness offices more. Consequently, wellness focuses are generally situated in metropolitan territories and rural shopping zones. So the area of Beauty and wellness focus assumes significant job in deciding its prosperity. Outside Organizational Factors Outer elements are those which influence the working of an association and are not in charge of organisation(Root, 2018). Following are some outer components which impact organizations: Clients: Baby Boomers have begun to resign now. This age will currently search for wellbeing and wellness administrations. Clinical experts are additionally alluding their patients to wellbeing and wellness focuses to treat and forestall interminable conditions. Government is likewise concentrating on forestalling wellbeing because of which there is expanded enthusiasm for work out regimes at work environment, network setting and school. Expanded corpulence in Australia has likewise assumed a significant job in advancement of wellness businesses(Whytcross, 2014). Political and monetary condition: Economic log jam of 2008-09 had influenced the business incomes. State government activities in schools, public venues and working environment are making mindfulness wellbeing and advantages of going to exercise center. Approach choices, for example, wellbeing store refunds and FBT charge exceptions for organizations that give financed wellness to representatives will help wellness focuses in getting more enrollment. Wellness industry in similarly less managed the new Australian Consumer Law covers issues enrollments, making deluding correspondences and marinating shoppers secrecy. Rivalry: Online administrations weight the board locales and sustenance guides are presenting expanding rivalry to wellness clubs. Accessibility of excellence items from everywhere throughout the world on internet shopping gateways is empowering purchasers to perform magnificence medicines at simplicity of their homes. As wellness industry to a great extent serves the necessities of local people degree to which they face global rivalry is constrained to worldwide establishment. Mechanical headways: A great deal of mechanical advancements are going on in the field of excellence and wellness like the groups which screen day by day calories use, food admission and rest designs, exercise DVDs and so forth. So as to keep up its client base wellness organizations should remain refreshed innovatively on the grounds that individuals are currently increasingly intrigued by advantages and results they can get by spending less. Business Idea This magnificence and wellness focus will offer administrations of an exercise center, yoga focus, excellence and skin facility, thinning focus and ayurvedic rub focus under one rooftop. This middle will be first set up in Sydney and thusly in different pieces of nation like Canberra, Perth, Brisbane and Melbourne. Globalization Globalization is joining of financial exercises because of expanded mix of human culture around the world(Mussa, 2003). Financial globalization implies trade of merchandise and enterprises from over the outskirt, remote ventures, decrease in levies and unwinding in exchange hindrances and spread of information and innovation across geological borders(Samimi Jenatabadi, 2014). Australia opened its business sectors for worldwide exchange center of 1980s and from that point forward it has seen impressive development in administration industry. Administration area in Australia offers probably the most significant compensations and contributes up to half in GDP. Difficulties of globalization Serious Pricing: With nearness of worldwide wellness brands it will be exceptionally hard for new companies to support without offering serious costs and rebate offers. There is a developing pattern of offering tremendous limits on rec center enrollments so as to draw in more clients. So as to keep up a serious edge over MNCs it is significant for new companies to assemble their mastery and market their items well. No Industry help: Beauty and Fitness Industry doesn't have any insurance or help from any sort of body. Albeit some neighborhood chamber likewise run wellness habitats however they are additionally revenue driven elements. Rivalry: Since Australia is an open economy section of universal brands in magnificence and wellness industry is likewise an undeniable wonder. Worldwide Competition particularly from Korean magnificence items and universal exercise center chains like Curves and Golds Gym represent a significant danger to new businesses in this industry. They have the benefit of imaginative and propelled gear and globally prepared labor. Web: Online weight the executives programs have developed and are offering rivalry to wellness clubs and accessibility of worldwide excellence items on online stores at reasonable costs has urged purchasers to have magnificence medications at home. Advantages of globalization Hollywood and magnificence guidelines: Globalization has normalized how individuals glorify excellence and fitness(Johansson Andreasson, 2014). Hollywood and some other global purchaser culture have homogenized the manner in which individuals see magnificence and physical appearances(Jones, 2011). Moreover, TV shows like The Biggest Loser have additionally contributed in developing mindfulness towards wellness. These patterns have additionally made another client section as guys are progressively getting cognizant about their appearances. Web based life: More brands are presently utilizing web-based social networking to focus on the web age and to create online leads. Nearness on Social media likewise assumes significant job in giving overall acknowledgment to a business. Increment in global travel and the travel industry has likewise expanded portability of clients, which implies in the event that they recognize a brand from web they will search for it and partner with it in different nations as well(Queensland Government, 2016). Establishment choice with global brands: Many worldwide excellence and wellness clubs like Curves and Golds Gym attempt to enter new markets through contribution establishment. For new companies battling to assemble their client base alternative of taking up a franchisee of global brand is a truly productive option(Business Franchise Australia New Zealand , 2008). End Logical components impactsly affect various businesses. For wellness and excellence industry effect of globalization is moderate however it is quickly developing with developing mindfulness among purchasers and impact of universal societies. For a beginning up to make due in this industry it is essential to be mechanically refreshed with imaginative and propelled gear. Development of 24 hours rec center is an inventive thought for tapping the corporate experts, who don't discover time to go to rec center, and it additionally spares a ton of expenses since it is mostly unstaffed. Diversifying a current worldwide Beauty or wellness chain is additionally an advantage of globalization it gives new businesses with much required believability yet it requires a great deal of venture. It tends to be presumed that globalization has brought open doors just as dangers for a beginning up in wellness industry, yet by creating powerful methodologies they can accomplish enormous development in this industry. Catalog Australian, T. W. (2017). Statistics 2016 uncovers enormous flood in wellness, magnificence, barista employments while fabricating work falls 24pc. Recovered January 6, 2018, from thewest.com.au: https://thewest.com.au/business/economy/statistics 2016-uncovers h

A Hope In The Unseen Essay Research free essay sample

A Hope In The Unseen Essay, Research Paper In this Story A Hope in the Unseen we see a juvenile grown-up male that has extraordinary exchange of power, that is stuck inside a school where it is hard for him to advance each piece far as an ordinary understudy in typical fortunes would. Our central character, Cedric, is perpetually set facing chances that are against him, yet he endeavors to achieve such a great amount in his life. We watch him in this book experience numerous triumphs and disappointments that the majority of us would neer imagine holding to cover with in our ain lives. Cedric boss hero for an incredible duration is his female parent Barbara. She is an extremely otherworldly and caring female parent that has other than had numerous difficulties throughout her life, including the introduction of Cedric because of the way that Cedric s father needed her to hold a premature birth. We will compose a custom paper test on A Hope In The Unseen Essay Research or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page She is the person that ever encourages Cedric to happen the way he should be on when Cedric himself lost his way. Another enormous hero at an early stage in this book was Cedric s logical order instructor Mr. Taylor. Mr. Taylor understood the extraordinary conceivable Cedric had scholastically, however he other than realized that Cedric regularly set his finishes unnecessarily high for even himself. Mr. Taylor other than energized Cedric s turning discernment by enhancing Cedric with after school endeavors and difficulties. When Cedric is acknowledged into the MITES plan at MIT after he applied and supplicated that he would secure in, he put all his point of convergence and expectations in the way that MIT was the school for him. In the wake of securing to MIT and perceiving the incredible difficulty and contest it introduced him, he quickly became disheartened and concluded that he did non in certainty need to go to MIT. After he came back to Washington D.C. after his MIT visit, Justice Clarence Thomas requested to hold a gathering with Cedric so as to talk his closures. Equity Thomas was extremely direct with Cedric and disclosed to him how he felt about Cedric s picks sing universities, albeit some of what Justice Thomas told Cedric was non what Cedric needed to hear. Once Cedric decide to go to Brown University he became disturbed that individuals would accept less of him due to his hapless way of life. In light of these encountering Cedric inquires as to whether she would mind renting an Infinity Q45 to take Cedric to class in to impres s the individuals at that place. We discover Cedric to hold numerous occupations with visual perspective and racial issues in this book, especially when he gets the opportunity to Brown. Cedric habitually will blame employments he has with others on the way that they are white or did non turn up with his experience, which restrains him to the figure of individuals he can address and be companions with. Cedric much of the time has occupations with his roomie Ben. The majority of the employments they have are non dependent on race yet Cedric at last attempts to transform their announcements into a racial clash. I accept the ground for this is Cedric s inadequacy of privateness in school, contrasted with holding his ain room at his place in Washington D.C. In the wake of viing with his racial clashes in school for a while he chose to create a stanza structure in which he depicted how he felt and how he wished to change. By making this refrain structure he had the option to revive his waning associations with numerous individuals, including a miss named Chiniqua. She was a pleasant miss that Cedric discovered rather alluring, and one time Cedric got up the grit to ask her out on a day of the month she acknowledged. This was one of the focuses in the book where I believed I could partner to Cedric, in light of the fact that all felines have butterflies in their bellies on a first day of the month. In the wake of getting through a full twelvemonth at Brown Cedric returned spot to his female parent and saw there as numerous positions at place he was incognizant of. His female parent had permitted herself to go around 3000 dollars in the red and she neer informed Cedric concerning it. Cedric felt dreadful about this since he went through a portion of the cash his female parent sent him on unimportant focuses he did non needfully require. Another affliction for Cedric when he got place was looking to start a type of a relationship with his male parent. I accept this book to be a sensibly fascinating book and would probably ask it to a companion to peruse. The solitary thing I hated about the book was my lack of trepidation of Cedric s place. I have neer been in a hapless family unit nor have I ever needed to stress over monetary total compensations, and because of that I can non consider life in a real existence where all the cash you had originated from such a little salary. I do accept that the author portrayed the troublesome and hard condition that Cedric experienced childhood in with great thing.

The role of the sea in Synges Riders to the Sea - Literature Essay Samples

W. B. Yeats, whose advice J. M. Synge has followed in exploring the Aran Islands in the remote northwestern corner of Ireland in 1898, mentions that in Riders to the Sea one finds â€Å"first to last the presence of the sea†. The impression of the vast stretches of the stormy gray Atlantic, lashing over the barren Aran Islands, is so predominant in the play that many critics would consider the protagonist to be not the bereaved mother Maurya, but her antagonist, the sea. Though the sea remains offstage, it is the most formidable presence in the play. It is an elemental force, fierce and brutal against which the characters continuously struggle, out of this struggle they achieve a rare quality of heroism that Synge celebrates in Riders to the Sea. The characters in Synge’s play seem to be interlocked in a life-and- death combat with the sea. The sea is both the preserver and the destroyer for these islanders. With negligible possibility for farming, the inhabitants of these islands are compelled to rely on fishing as their only livelihood. At the same time the violent Atlantic storms make the premature death of the fishermen inevitable. The seawater, in the play, does not symbolize only life and rejuvenation, but, more importantly, death. Everything – from the string tying the bundle, the colour and texture of Michael’s shirt to the individual details of human identity is destroyed by the sea. J. M. Synge presents Maurya as an old and bereaved mother, witnessing three generations of men – her father-in-law, her husband and her sons – being destroyed by the sea. Her fifth son, Michael, being missing at the sea for nine days, she is thrown into a frenzy of grief and worry. When her last son Bartley decides to sail to the Galway fair to sell their horses to overcome a financial crisis, she puts up a futile verbal resistance. However, the will of the sea seems to overpower that of human’s and Bartley is drowned near the shore. Synge here represents the sea in the manner of the classical concept of ‘nemesis’ or fate that makes human misery inevitable. The sea becomes the Nemesis, against whom the doomed mankind must fight, and through this fight man attains dignity. The importance of the sea is repeatedly emphasized through frequent reference to its conditions. Catherine and Nora refer to the turbulence of the sea, being worried about Bartley’s intended journey. Maurya also comments about the tempestuous sea revealing her constant nervousness and tension about the safety of her sons. In fact, sometimes the sea appears to indirectly enter the stage. A gusty sea-breeze blows open the door and later the sea-water comes dripping into the room when Bartley’s body is brought in. Synge has presented the sea in Riders to the Sea as an unscrupulous force that indiscriminately destroys both the good and the bad, and it reverses natural order by taking away the young to leave the older generation to lament. This is evident in Maurya’s comment about Michael’s stick – â€Å"In the big world the old people do be leaving things after them for their sons and children, but in this place it is the young men do be leaving things behind for them that do be old.† Yet in their perpetual battle with the sea, the Aran folks acquire a rare moral strength, heroism and stoic endurance. Bartley fully aware of his eminent death, does not hesitate to sail to Galway. The stage-props in Riders to the Sea are closely associated with the sea. The nets and the oilskins establish fishing as their occupation’ the white boards, the rope and the nails are meant for burial reminding us of the destructiveness of the sea. The bundle containing Michael’s clothes is soaked in seawater and the cake is made for Bartley to be eaten during the sea journey. These props attempt to establish a few signs of human identity against the absolute devastation of the sea. The religious beliefs and customs of this Celtic community are also closely associated with the sea. Though formally the Aran islanders perform Christian rituals, their concept of the universe being a hostile place where man is a victim of the malicious forces of nature, is almost pagan. Like pagans, they are full of superstitions about the ‘black hags’ and the ‘star-crossed’. They also believe in supernatural vision such as Maurya’s witnessing of Michael’s spectre on the gray horse following Bartley riding the red mare, the reference to the vision of the ‘Bride Dara’ confirms this view. The spring-well also has supernatural associations. However, the paganism is finally overpowered by Maurya’s deep Christian faith at the end of the play. When she invokes his blessings upon the souls of all the living and the dead, she achieves a spiritual triumph over the sea. As an island nation, Ireland has an intimate relationship with the sea, and Riders draws on practical, mythical and literary aspects of Ireland’s seafaring tradition. Aran provided first-hand experience of the sea’s ruthlessness and the constant negotiation with weather that Irish travel demanded; Synge repeatedly notes the threat of drowning in The Aran Islands. In Synge’s play, the universal drama of life and death has been symbolized by the presence of the sea. It is an elemental power against which the characters of the play struggle and strive. It is a grim force, contradicting which the human characters in the play achieve heroic identity. The sea in this play controls the whole situation, of both nature and human beings, though remaining off stage. The seas unseen presence fills the mind of both the characters and the audience. As a background, as a living character, as a force of nature, as an agent of destiny, as a villain, the sea plays a great role throughout the play.

Definition and Examples of Critical Analyses

Juvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention Act Of 1974

A juvenile or â€Å"youthful inmate† as defined by the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 (PREA) is any person under the age of eighteen who is under adult-court supervision and incarcerated or detained in a prison or jail. While PREA defines a juvenile as under the age of eighteen the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (JJDPA) allows the states to set their own definition of a juvenile (Lahey). This discrepancy in the definition of a juvenile has caused problems and slow progress with states coming towards compliance with PREA. States, such as North Carolina, South Carolina, New York, Missouri, Georgia, Michigan, Wisconsin, Texas and Louisiana have set the upper limit for a juvenile at sixteen. Texas, recently has agreed to comply with the terms of PREA. Louisiana automatically prosecutes seventeen year olds as adults, even for minor offenses (Neustrom). Sentencing juveniles to adult prison is risking the juvenile’s safety by putting them in a si tuation where they are vulnerable and more likely to be physically or sexually assaulted, commit suicide and it also causes an increase in the recidivism. In America on any give day, approximately ten thousand juveniles are housed in adult prisons and jails. Approximately two hundred thousand juveniles enter the adult criminal justice system each year and most have non-violent crimes. Juveniles in the adult jails lose out on the educational and psychological benefits offered by juvenile detention facilities andShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act1577 Words   |  7 Pagesis to research the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act. The paper will focus on the purpose of this legislation, as well as the values that are expressed by this policy. This paper will not only address why this piece of legislation is important it will discuss the effects this act has had on the communities as well as the youths themselves. This paper, will also address the potential for change about the public attitudes towards the juvenile justice system and the socialRead More Preventing Juven ile Delinquency Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesPreventing Juvenile Delinquency The saying is that history often repeats itself. If this is true then society will have to deal with the complex burden of juvenile who eventually become adult criminals. However, if this saying is not true then the community in which juvenile delinquency exist must have the tool necessary to divert the youth in the community. If one is to change delinquent youth’s behavior, they need to variegate the justice system in order to prevent juvenile delinquent recidivismsRead MoreThe American Juvenile Justice System1043 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican juvenile justice system had developed over the past century with a number of variables that makes it different from the adult criminal justice process. Juvenile justice advocates supports the differences on the youthful offenders. Juvenile crime policy over the course of the twentieth century talks about transferring the law’s conceptions of young offenders. Starting from the nineteenth century, many of the youths were tried and punished as adults. However, treatment of juveniles in the UnitedRead MoreModern Day Juvenile Justice System882 Words   |  4 PagesThe modern day Juvenile Justice System (JJS) in the U.S. evolved out of fragmented reform movements throughout the country that began in 1800 and continued into the 1900’s, Progressive Era. Out of the many movements that were occurring in various states, two pioneered approaches took place that could easily be considered the roots of the entire JJS. In 1824 in the state of New York, the New York House of Refuge became the nation’s first reformatory for children. For the first time, there was anRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Prevention Act Of 19741576 Words   |  7 Pagesexploring the internet on juvenile delinquents. We as a class have had many good questions to answer about the different ways juveniles are treated, and what the correct or incorrect treatment is for juveniles. We have written many papers and had many discussio n on historical milestones, landmark cases, adult courts, juvenile courts, probation and parole, detention centers and juvenile training programs. This semester has really changed the way that I look at juvenile delinquents. Three historicalRead MoreShould Juveniles Be Tried as Adults896 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion: Should juvenile offenders be tried and punished as adults? Claim: Juvenile offenders shouldn’t be tried and punished as adults. I. Introduction a. There has been a lot of controversy over the issue of if juveniles should be tired and punished as adults. II. Harsh Policies Do not work http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/juvenile-justice/factsheets/youthasadults.pdf III. Adult Convictions Jeopardize Children’s Rights and Futures IV. Risks to Children’s Health V. These PoliciesRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System Design A Program That Will Fit Into The Kids Lifestyle957 Words   |  4 Pageswhich means a parent for a country. In this legal set of guidelines, the state can acts as a guardian for individuals who are unable to care for themselves, such as children. In this policy, the state act through a Juvenile Court Judge when a child is delinquent, abandoned or need parental care. Also â€Å"Parens patriae† occur if the natural parents are incompetent to control their children. In this case the juvenile justice system design a program that will fit into the kids lifestyle as should have beenRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System Essay examples1326 Words   |  6 PagesThe Juvenile Justice System Jodia M Murphy Kaplan University CJ150 Juvenile Delinquency Professor Thomas Woods July 31, 2012 Abstract This paper takes a brief look at the history and evolution of the juvenile justice system in the United States. In recent years there has been an increase of juvenile cases being transferred into the adult court system. This paper will also look at that process and the consequences of that trend. History and Evolution In the early nineteenth centuryRead MoreThe High Incarceration Rate Of Juveniles1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe high incarceration rate of juveniles is a significant social problem that affects society as a whole as well as the youth’s individual welfare and developmental trajectory. Adolescents who are incarcerated in the juvenile justice system face a multitude of negative lifelong implications. The history of incarcerating youth in residential facilities such as juvenile halls, camps, ranches or group homes as a consequence for committing crimes has a deep-rooted history in the United States. â€Å"For moreRead MoreJuvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act6750 Words   |  27 PagesIntroduction The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) is the principal federal program through which the federal government sets standards for juvenile justice systems at the state and local levels. It provides direct funding for states, research, training, and technical assistance, and evaluation. The JJDPA was originally enacted in 1974 and even though the JJDPA has been revised several times over the past 30 years, its basic composition has remained the same. Since the act was passed

Confidence Is Key free essay sample

Inspirational writer Toni Payne once said â€Å"When you have self confidence no matter how unfavorable a situation looks at a particular time, you know you will win†.Becoming a more confident person, through my dancing is one of the most difficult, yet rewarding struggles I have endured. As a dancer competing at the National level, I have difficulty forming relationships with other dancers against whom I am competing.Some dancers are arrogant and believe they are already the best, while others are too busy with supporters from their own dance chapters, so they spend little time with the other contestants. In 2010, 2012, and 2014, I was one of the more shy contestants with only a handful of friends and acquaintances.I looked forward to spending time with my tap dancer buddy Kendyl, whom I met and befriended during Junior Nationals (‘10 and ‘12), as well as my CT teammates in 2014.Rather than embracing the chance to make friends with people from all over the country, I veered away from the opportunity. We will write a custom essay sample on Confidence Is Key or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I believed the other dancers were much more experienced and accomplished than me, especially because I tended to be the only tap dancing soloist amongst a number of high level lyrical and contemporary dancers. Miss Michelle, my dance teacher for over 15 years, recognized my lack of confidence and sought to inspire me with some advice her dance teacher had given her.She told me, â€Å"When you walk into the room, you are already the winner†.With that one lesson, she taught me that half of the battle to being a more confident person was thinking like one. In addition to my dance instructor, my solo choreographer also wanted me to make my time at Nationals worthwhile.Unfortunately, Miss Catiy could not come with me to Nashville, TN in 2016, due to her pregnancy.She wanted to send me with something special as a reminder that she would always be supporting me from CT.She handed me a golden keychain attached to a box with an inspirational quote inscribed on it reminding me that â€Å"Confidence is Key†.Throughout my Nationals experience, I kept this keychain with me, to remind me that I can be successful with anything I want to accomplish. Both Miss Michelle’s inspiring words and Miss Caity’s touching gift helped spark the confidence I have in my dancing as well as my confidence as a person.I no longer feel like an underdog in most situations, rather I embrace the opportunities I take on and strive for success. During my first day of workshop classes at Nationals 2016 as the reigning Miss Dance of CT, I realized how lucky I was to hold such a prestigious title.I deserved to be a contestant for Miss Dance of America just as much as any other crowned dancer.Even though I was one of the youngest contestants in the 16-25 year old bracket, I held my head high as I walked through the doors to my first workshop class. I strode over to the ballroom floor and rehearsed my tap solo for judge’s preview.As I practiced my triple pirouette on the slippery wood floor, I saw a second pair of tap shoes stepping onto the floor to practice.Recognizing that we already shared something in common, I decided it would be a good idea to introduce myself.My fingers vibrated in my clenched fists and my voice was shaky when I spoke, but I managed to power through my shyness and make a new friend. Not only was Nick a tap dancer like me, we actually share the same birthday on November 24.Nick and I, along with another mutual friend Owen, decided to go out for ice cream on our last day of classes together.Listening to the strong conservative southerner and strong liberal northerner ramble on about health insurance and entitlement program spending was a great introduction to AP Government and Politics for me, since I had little political knowledge. In addition to befriending Nick and Owen, I was successful in interacting with almost all the Miss and Mr. contestants during my two weeks in Nashville.On the night of our Miss pageant, all the contestants felt united, which was unique for such a prestigious competition.As my friend DeSean stated, â€Å"No matter what happens tonight, I am so happy to have shared the stage with every one of you.This Nationals experience has meant the world to me†.A first timer to the Nationals experience, DeSean was not the only one blown away by the chemistry our group shared.Jojo, now a two time National titleholder, agreed that â€Å"This Nationals was the best one yet†.The Miss and Mr. contestants joined hands and took one final bow, leaving the stage with tears, grateful for all the happy memories we shared together.By having confidence in myself and in my abilities, I walked away from my Nationals 2016 experience with much more than a sparkly crown.The key to my own happiness and personal growth is having the confidence to welcome new experiences and develop close friendships.

Personality Theory in the Implementation of the Helping Process

Introduction In its simplest terms, personality refers to a dynamic and classified set of traits possessed by any person. A person’s personality is his or her distinctiveness. The characteristic of an individual uniquely affects his or her inspirations, cognitions, and conducts in various circumstances. Otherwise, neurologist Paul Roe came up with a more logical meaning of personality.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Personality Theory in the Implementation of the Helping Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He defines personality as â€Å"an individual’s tendency to reflect certain patterns of ideas, thus holding to a specific pattern of behavior† (Nga Sears, 2010, p. 1457). The field of personality psychology extends from comparatively easy experimental findings, through variations between individuals to a relatively philosophical exploration of life. Nevertheless, personality philosophers seem much often concerned with the unities among the persons. Since a theory helps in controlling, comprehending, explicating and predicting the reality, personality theories are those theories, which try to categorize people into distinct groups in terms of traits. In studying personality, verbal models come in handy. The personality theories comprise of the Locus of control, Personal Construct Psychology (PCP), Humanistic, Bio-psychological, Psychoanalytic, behaviorist and social cognitive theories (Barker Gower, 2010, p. 297). The concern of the paper is in the latter: the social cognitive theory. In this theory, people describe the behavior as directed by the expectations in the world. Cognitive theories of personality accentuate the cognitive processes like judgments and thoughts. The paper seeks to discuss the applications of social cognitive theory in skills and techniques, communication, basic problem-solving, ethnic diversity and its establishments using the helping relationship. Skills and techniques In social cognitive theory, the behavioral ability gives the facts and skills required in forming the desired behavior thus promoting mastery studying. A person can easily learn and retain the skills acquired through observation (Bitektine, 2011, p. 155). The social cognitive theory clarifies the concepts under which people obtain and or uphold certain behavioral patterns. The significance of such sequence of patterns is inevitable in the acquisition and application of skills. Otherwise, it also provides the foundation for intervention techniques that equips an individual with the correct techniques of reaching a solution to a specified problem. Assessing behavioral changes relies on the environmental aspects and the people’s behavior. Social cognitive theory presents skills and methods for planning, applying and evaluating different programs (Shu-ling Lin, 2007, p. 602). The environmental issues that provide the framework for unde rstanding a behavior are ether physical or social. Moreover, the social cognitive theory comprehends the mental signs of the environment, which influence an individual’s behavior.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People may not be able to have a good perception of time, places and physical activities especially if they do not have cognitive skills. The environment may not constantly influence a certain behavior. Instead, it stands a chance to provide models for behavior. ‘‘Observational learning occurs when an individual observes the deeds of another person and the reinforcements, which the person obtains’’ (Barker Gower, 2010, p. 299). The ability of one’s behavior suggests that if a person is to execute a given observed conducts, he or she must acquaint himself or herself with the skills of performing it. In teaching, modeling is ver y important. It gives an alternative way of shaping and teaching new ideas. Operant conditioning uses unreliable shaping unlike social cognitive theory where modeling provides a faster and a more efficient technique for teaching new behavior. Otherwise, to promote effective modeling, teachers should make sure ‘‘that attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation’’ exist (Nga Sears, 2010, p. 1460). Self-regulation systems often give an effective method for improving the behavior of student. Nurturing an individual’s acceptable conducts requires not only skills and techniques as provided by the theory, but also good life skills for retention for instance communication skills. Communication The Social cognitive theory is applicable to health communication because it deals with the poignant, cognitive and behavioral facets in understanding behavioral transmutations. The principles and concepts of the social cognitive theory provide techniques for innovative behavioral investigation in health education (Sheldon Kennedy, 2008, p. 390). For instance, patients may perhaps create questions, which communicate their distress to health practitioners. Moreover, doctors employ self-efficacy ideas of social cognitive theory in helping patients drop some undesired behaviors using internal controls. In health reports, the theory supposes that people are more willing to believe in the information from others with similar conditions. As a result, the pain they suffer from reduces. Social cognitive theory finds its application in marketing and mass media. For instance, in marketing, one can use celebrities ‘‘to endorse and introduce a given product to a certain demographics’’ (Bitektine, 2011, p. 159). The media also uses social cognitive theory to promote the improvement of socioeconomic status and education in the developing nations. The theory stems the intended and unintended media effects. In addressing t he issue, the theory illustrates the influences the media has in determining the audience actions and conducts.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Personality Theory in the Implementation of the Helping Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The media educates people on undesirable behaviors through entertainments and health campaigns (Wingreen Blanton, 2007, p. 630). Consequently, majority will not be willing to engage in risky activities as those associated with punishment. Otherwise, when the media airs a harmful action without consequences, it may only strengthen the unwanted behaviors. Therefore, there is the need for it to participate much in solving rather than enhancing the evident behavioral problems. Basic problem solving In social cognitive theory, a person transfers the skills and knowledge acquired to solving various problems. Learning is speeded up when a person is able to examine the beha viors of others who are comparable to them (Bitektine, 2011, p. 162). Since the materials are within the socio-cultural awareness of the user, learning experience becomes more successful thereby boosting the possibility of the knowledge used in solving basic problems. Social cognitive theory also provides tactics used to cope with problems related to stress. Otherwise, a stress can adversely affect a person especially if he or she is not vanished with solution to such effects. Learning occurs when a person reflects upon and internalizes his or her accomplishments and failures. For instance, an individual can easily read a book on driving a car; however, he or she completes the learning only if the learner really drives successfully (Barker Gower, 2010, p. 300). The social cognitive theory postulates that a person completes learning when he or she reaches a solution to the related challenges. Through social cognitive theory, the learner will identify his or her ability to complete a challenging task. The theory provides a system that permits the learner to apply the information correctly and consistently in solving a problem. Self-regulation allows a person to organize his or her response when faced with externally inflicted stimuli. In order for behavioral adjustments to occur, the person must receive the feedback. In a learning setup, feedback techniques reinforce a behavior such that if the conduct is undesirable, then it is stopped (Nga Sears, 2010, p. 1465). Otherwise, the feedback becomes more sophisticated as the learners’ ability improve, thus enabling them improve and master the task. For instance, if the problem is to learn how to drive, the leaner needs to get a car on the road and apply the speed limits and signaling to achieve some good driving habits.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ethnic diversity People live in socio-cultural environment, which varies with their shared principles, conventions and social practices. Notwithstanding, they differ in their particular brands of individualism. Social cognitive theory compares the cultural differences from socialist to individualistic points of view. Moreover, the emotional mechanisms learnt in ‘‘a stimuli-response environment conducive to self-efficacy and observational learning remains facilitated by incorporating multimedia expressions of culturally responsive examples’’ (Shu-ling Lin, 2007, p. 605). In addition, the social cognitive theory helps in fostering good understanding between members of different ethnic backgrounds. Understanding and appreciating one’s culture creates harmonious existence of the people. As such, the complexity of the social problems reduces consequently due to the social theory. The diversity of the cultures makes them become dynamic social systems. The intercultural difference and intra-individual variation in the psychological orientation across the subject of functioning depicts cultural dynamism. The theory supposes that a person learns from others with similar traits (Barker Gower, 2010, p. 306). It thus seeks to find techniques of shaping human behavior in an advantageous manner. For instance, through social cognitive theory, schoolchildren learn desirable and undesirable social behaviors and morals by observing the conducts of different ethnic groups. The laxity and contextualization expresses the provisions of an individual’s behavior in a socially acceptable manner. Imitating and filtering values of a certain ethnic group is significant in promoting good morals in the society. Therefore, it encourages a communal life rather than eroding it. A person with ‘‘resilient efficacy and strong pro-social purpose often subordinates self-interest to the benefit of others’’ (Sheldon Kennedy, 2008, p. 392). For instance, parents in deprived environment with resilient source of efficiency decline to have their children development dictated by unfavorable circumstances. They therefore pass their influence on to things, which matter through imaginative effort and self-sacrifices. The adversities besiege people especially in an attempt to change their lives for the better through joint effort. Social cognitive conjecture eliminates dualism between personal action and ethereal collective configuration due to racial gusto. Since poverty is a socioeconomic aspect, which does not work in secluded causation, financial circumstances and family makeup influence behavior through their impacts on people’s sense of worth and aspirations. As people imitate the behavior of others, the theory promotes the spirit of sharing and peaceful coexistence of the groups. As a result, they nurture suitable methods of eradicating poverty-related problems. Establishments using the helping relations hip The ethics that and individual places on a given result and intrinsic motivation are very important. The significance of incentives in fostering a good can should be overemphasized. There are several opportunities ‘‘for self-monitoring, goal setting, problem solving, and self-reward’’ (Wingreen Blanton, 2007, p.643). Such prospects become important in understanding the relationship between the concepts. The social cognitive theory uses relationships that often relate to the societal problems. Precise and reliable approaches thus give solution to such challenges. The acquisition of behavior occurs by examination of the deeds and effects of others’ manners, which include realistic role models of the targeted group. A person’s action that changes the likelihood of reoccurrence promotes self-initiated incentives (Sheldon Kennedy, 2008, p. 396). He or she becomes confident in performing a particular behavior; by applying relationships and met hods, which ensure success. However, the negative relationships might still exist between the expected result and the presentation. Conclusion Social cognitive theory principally rejects behaviorism. As such, it decreases behaviorism from complex human conduct to simple cause and effect. Conversely, the propensity in times of yore has been to amalgamate the two into an ample speculation (Bitektine, 2011, p. 178). Notwithstanding, therapists employ the techniques from social cognitive and behaviorist theories to help their clients. Social cognitive theory is simply a subset of cognitive theory whose concerns is mostly on the manners in which people learn to model the behavior of others. Teachers and parents must model appropriate behaviors and take care that they do not model inappropriate behaviors. In education, teachers should expose learners to a range of models, which provide important techniques of smashing conformist stereotypes. The theory has various applications. The advert isements campaign in peer pressure circumstances uses social cognitive theory especially when reinforcing a certain acceptable behavior. In addition, it is helpful in the ‘‘treatment of psychological disorders including phobias’’ (Wingreen Blanton, 2007, p. 647). Social cognitive theory can also be helpful in ensuring successful AIDS campaign particularly with a suitable age group, proper gender and ethnicity. The adolescents will learn and understand because of peer influence. The conviction in a person’s personal ability often does not produce genuine assistances especially if the person requires a certain skill stage. Therefore, one cannot rely on a single theory to make a realistic conclusion of personality, as all the theories seem interrelated. References Barker, R., Gower, K. (2010). Strategic Application of Storytelling in Organizations: Toward Effective Communication in a Diverse World. Journal of business  Communication, 47(3), pp. 295 -312. Bitektine, A. (2011). Toward a Theory social Judgment of Organizations: The Case of Legitimacy, Reputation, and Status. Academy of Management Review, 36(1), pp. 151-179. Nga, E., Sears, G. (2010). The Effect of Adverse Impact in Selection Practices on Organizational Diversity. International Journal of Human Resource  Management, 21(9), pp. 1454-1471. Sheldon, L., Kennedy, E. (2008). Application of a model of Social Information Processing Nursing Theory: How Nurses Respond to Patients. Journal of  Advanced Nursing, 64(4), pp. 388-398. Shu-ling, W., Lin, S. (2007). The Application of Social Cognitive Theory to web-based Learning through Net Ports. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38(4), pp. 600-612. Wingreen, S., Blanton, J. (2007). A social Cognitive Interpretation of Person-Organization fitting: The Maintenance and Development of Professional Technical Competency. Human Resource Management, 46(4), pp.631-650. This research paper on Personality Theory in the Implementation of the Helping Process was written and submitted by user Abdiel Gentry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Backgrounds essays

Backgrounds essays This is one country. It has become one country because all the people who came here had an equal chance to develop their talents. John Fitzgerald Kennedy I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal. It can be said that equality during the time of the Civil Rights Movement may have only seemed like a dream. Today people of any race can dine together in the same restaurants, drink from the same water fountains, and shop from the same stores, with much thanks to two significant men: former President John F. Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. While both men pursued equality of all races, each went about it very differently. Former President Kennedy was a well-liked and prominent man from Brookline, Massachusetts. He was the youngest president to ever hold office in history; he had charm and charisma unlike any other. He was a navy veteran of World War II, among other achievements, including graduating from Harvard. On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy gave a speech on Civil Rights that would legislatively get the ball rolling on widespread public equality. The moving speech was wonderfully written with enthusiasm; however, coming from a politician, one could argue his true sincerity to the issue and wonder what could be gained politically by this speech. While Kennedy may have cared about the well-being of his citizens, he did have a lot to gain by his speech: political popularity. He could have marketed a campaign on equality to be re-elected for a second term. The audience of his Civil Rights speech is worth noting; most all of them were white and potential voters. None of these individuals could possibly have any idea how African Americans were treated, as they themselves never had to exper ...

Southern Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Southern Company - Case Study Example Therefore, they fail to achieve desirable management of talent in the organization. Finally, the Southern Company has functional expertise, which increases the chances of the company identifying appropriate human resources for its electric utility activities. â€Å"Evaluate the effectiveness of the roles that the strategic leaders played in the formation of the performance management strategy†. There was a deliberate improvement in the entire leadership of the company. The improvement was strategic because it enabled the corporation achieve better achievement. Consequently, the effectiveness of this step to empower leaders concentrated on the suggestions in management books. â€Å"The Leadership Pipeline†, is a book that encouraged Southern Company leaders to diversify their strategies. The leaders also determined the respective results that they needed to achieve in order to improve performance (Kandula, 2006). Indeed, this strategy was effective because it enabled the strategic leaders to form desirable and applicable strategies in managing their respective talents. In addition, the strategic leaders ensured there was an implementation of a plan that would increase their performance. For example, the plan entailed the formation of certain guidelines. Consequently, the guidelines focused on how to improve the performance of management. The effectiveness of this strategy was the creation of order in the delivery of managerial responsibilities. For example, the guidelines would reduce any confusion from lack of sufficient preparing (Goldsmith, Marshall, Carter, Louis, & B.P.I, 2009). Other efficiencies of the roles played by the strategic leaders include preparing for future talents by identifying potential successors. This strategy enabled the management of Southern Company to determine the nature of talent they had during operational periods. This is because the strategic leaders encouraged willing human resources to agree to certain leadership p ositions in the future. Additionally, there was enhancement of performance because of the requirement to state the time that an individual was ready to perform diverse tasks. Moreover, the human resources of Southern Company work hard to achieve the required experience for promotions in the organization. This is effective because the strategy forces employees to increase their respective competencies. In particular, the management of Southern Company used its leaders in diverse departments to increase the performance of the entire company (Armstrong, 2011). â€Å"Develop a five (5) point criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the talent management strategy and how the data could be collected† 1. Talent management focuses on diverse programs and cultures in the respective organization. These programs and cultures retain all the available talent in organizations like Southern Company. 2. Additional programs that are part of the strategy for managing talents in organizatio ns include the rotation of duties (Armstrong, 2011). 3. Research into emerging processes of talent management is equally crucial. 4. The managers can alter their respective duty rosters in order to determine the best department for each employee. This will also ensure that employees perfect their diverse talents hence being effective in whatever department (Goldsmith, Marshall, Carter, Louis, & B.P.I, 2009). 5. In addition, the management of talent also includes retaining talent for lengthy periods in order to create loyalty. This is because loyalty increases performance in

Housing prices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Housing prices - Essay Example There could be seen different changes in the prices of homes throughout the country and condos were hit lowest comparing to single -family homes. The article gives here an insight about the housing market condition during the year of 2010.The article is very precise and gives a very brief idea about the housing market. The article takes the readers straight away into the market scenario and doest not give much introduction about the topic. It would be very efficient to commence the article with description bit more about the subject in order to attract the readers and create an impact in the minds of the reader. Every article needs an introduction as it is the point where the readers get involved in the reading and continue to remain with the article. The readers must be given more information about the reason for fall in the prices of house. Little more details about the market scenario and the buyer’s behavior could have added some depth to the article. The good part of the writing was that the author has given more statistical details which are very beneficial on economic basis. But if the readers are common men they would look in for more simple explanation about the subject. Another shortcoming of the writing is that there is no conclusion to the article .It ends nowhere and this gives a very poor outlook to the article. The first thing to be done to the article if it is to be given a make over is to write a good introduction. Introduction can be about the housing market and the situation it was in during the previous years. The writing should be a proper one with an introduction a small body and conclusion, only then the article can be regarded complete. The purpose of the article is to give information to the reader about the topic and only a whole article can fulfill this purpose. The body of the article needs to be about the housing sector sales activity and also about the buyers spending behavior. The home income level of the people can also be

Evaluating the Research Process Essay Example for Free

Evaluating the Research Process Essay Remote communities face several challenges concerning health care. For instance, communication with health care professionals, transportation, availability of doctors, and shortage of doctors. Literature review to identify and review new methods of improving access to health, quality of care, and improving the effectiveness of delivering health care services in remote Alaskan villages. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases that index health research were used along with Artic health databases. Abstracts and full articles were reviewed and categorized into four sections. Organizational structure of health services, Telehealth, E-health, and medical transportation. â€Å"Despite the challenges facing rural and remote regions, there is a distinctly positive message from this broad literature review. Evidence-based initiatives exist across a range of areas which include operational efficiency and integration, access to care, organizational structure, public health, continuing education and workforce composition that have the potential to positively impact health care quality and health-related outcomes† (Masucci, Mitton, Dionne, 2011). The literature review did not identify any past research associated with new ideas to improve access, quality, and efficiency in the organizational structures and delivery of health care services in northern rural and remote and rural populations. This review was directed toward the redesign of health care systems in Nunavut territory in Canada. When conducting research in an academic or professional setting, it is important to display ethical responsibility throughout the research study. For instance, Researchers conducting the study and collecting data should obtain permission from individuals who are involved in the study in any way. Researchers must ensure subjects involved in the study are not in any physical or emotional harm, such as asking difficult questions or using insensitive words. One very important consideration for researchers to remember when conducting any form of data collection is to be sure to maintain their own personal biases and opinions so they do not get in the way of the research. Research such as questionaries’ or observations should be conducted under the assumption that findings are kept anonymous. It is important to let the research subject know whether the research results will be anonymous or not. Research subjects should be chosen based on what and who will be most beneficial to  the research. And last, when reporting results from the research study the results must be accurately represented from what he or she was told or what you observed. For example, do not discuss parts of observations without putting them in appropriate context. Research has found that telehealth and ehealth has been effective in providing information of health professions with educational opportunities to in these rural populations that would not have been provided without telehealth and ehealth. Therefore, telehelath and ehealth system have a significant impact on improving access and quality care. The research also identified the use of medical air transport when needed services are not available as well as transportation to and from rural and remote regions. The study affirmed the importance of medical air transport in rural and remote regions while indicating such concerns are not unusual. Second, there are no evidence-based guidelines indicating which services to provide in local regions as opposed to having access by medical air transport or procedures in selecting which patients to select for emergency are transported. Currently no framework exists to determine the over or underutilization of medical air transport. Researchers found that the regions with the largest potential impact in remote regions are public health where several programs have been implemented, and analyzed indicating high degree of success. For example, health promotion programs such as alcohol and smoking cessation, obesity, exercise, dental care, hygiene, and suicide prevention. The literature strongly indicates these programs have positive impacts. Therefore, the regions in the research study have opportunity to improve the delivery and organization structure of health care services. This particular research study was not a systematic review. According to Masucci, Mitton, and Dionne (2011) â€Å"The purpose of the article was not to find literature on a wide range of topics but rather to find exemplary articles that could speak to the topics at hand. However, the caution is that while we attempted to provide both sides of any given story, in some cases important papers may have been missed which could suggest important alternative courses of action.† (p. 470). The research team relied on an advisory board that gave advice on their work. Review of only found positive solutions in which history politics, structures, and behavior contribute to improvement the key factor is action ability. This information will be crucial to enhancing care in the targeted regions as well as other  remote and rural regions nationwide. The research study identifies several challenges that northern rural remote regions face. The literature review found several evidence based initiative from operational efficiency, integration, applying telehealth, applying ehealth, organizational structure, public health, continuing education, and workforce composition have potential to have a positive impact on health outcomes in rural and remote northern regions. The only area of research that indicated not to have a positive impact was medical air transport indicating further research is needed. The research study has provided an extensive survey from literate regarding innovations in the organizational structure and delivery of health serveries in northern rural and remote regions. This study did not find any conflicts of interest regarding the improvement of health care in these rural and remote regions. Specific ideas and strategies found to improving access, quality, and efficiency in the organization structure and delivery of health care services in rural and remote northern regions are palliative model, which performed most effective for patients on weekly case conferences, on-call nursing, patient held records, shared protocols, and procedures. Reference: Masucci, L., Mitton, C., Dionne, F. (2011). ) Innovations in health service organization and delivery in northern rural and remote regions: a review of the literature. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 70(5), 460-472.

Plot of The Return of The Native :: essays research papers

A reddleman is traveling with a young woman, across Egdon Heath on a November day, when he crosses the path of a stranger on the road and keeps the woman’s identity a secret. The two talk and eventually depart when they split paths to rest at night. From there the reddleman notices many figures on a hilltop and later finds out that these people are the heath folk who have come to start a fifth of November bonfire. The Reddleman safely returns Thomasin Yeobright, to her aunt, Mrs. Yeobright. Thomasin Yeobright was to be married to Damon Wildeve that day. Mrs. Yeobright takes Thomasin with her to see Wildeve at the inn he owns, to ask for an explanation of why the two did not get married yet. The heath folk, after the bonfire, come to congratulate the supposed newlyweds. After a while, Wildeve gets rid of them and then goes off to see Eustacia Vye. Eustacia Vye watches for Wildeve and sets up a signal fire near her grandfather’s house. Wildeve, who was once her lover, finally arrives. The Reddleman accidentally learns of the meeting between Eustacia and Wildeve. The Reddleman then purposely overhears the conversation of Wildeve and Eustacia the next time they meet. Then he tries to get Eustacia to help Thomasin, and finally tells her that he knows about the meeting between her and Wildeve. He also tells Mrs. Yeobright that he wants to marry Thomasin. Though he is rejected, Mrs. Yeobright uses him to put pressure on Wildeve. Wildeve goes immediately to Eustacia to convince her to leave with him, but she will not answer right away. The news of Clym Yeobright’s arriving during the Christmas holidays is widely talked about on the heath, even in Captain Vye’s house (Eustacia’s grandfather). Eustacia hears a lot about Clym, while Mrs. Yeobright and Thomasin make preparations for his arrival. After getting a glimpse of him, Eustacia is very interested in Clym because she wants to get away from Egdon Heath and live in Paris. At a party in Mrs. Yeobright’s house, she is successful in meeting Clym, but she is wearing a costume. Because she becomes interested in Clym, she tells the Reddleman that she would like to see Wildeve married to Thomasin. They do marry and Eustacia serves as witness. Mrs. Yeobright, who had once opposed the marriage, does not attend, and Clym finds out about it after it has been done.

What’s Up with Pasta

What's Up With Pasta Q1: We need to understand and research why the Spaniards are spending relatively less on Pasta than its European neighbors. Current market research done by AEFPA offers insufficient data, so we need to improve data quality. The main goal is the get a clear demographic segmented market overview. One of the problems is that we cannot clearly identify the potential and current pasta consumers clearly – we simply do not know enough about of core target group. In addition we need insights on consumer behavior and habits as we do not know what drives the consumer decision when choosing pasta and when declining pasta.Another advantage of a broad market study would be that it would become clear if there are segments in the market currently not being explored. As a result we will be able to clearly identify the market entry barriers for pasta. According to our calculations (Appendix 1), there is an underutilized yearly market gap of EUR 87Mln. Given this significan t amount we find it justified to spend 0. 2% (Eur 175. 000) of the market gap initializing the market research plan, collect the data and conduct the analysis.Costs to marketing strategy, marketing planning and implementation are not included in this figure. We estimate the overall cost of the market research will be Eur 132. 800 Judging from informal discussions with contacts in Unilever and Kraft Foods, our estimate seems to be on the low side. Q2 – Methodology: We are interested in conducting both quantitative and qualitative research. In our opinion we need both elements to fully understand the market. This will allow us to better segment the market. Starting point of the quantitative research is the detailed quantitative research already done by AEFPA.The Geographical sales overview, distribution channels and sales pr. pasta type, must be investigated further. We suggest conducting a demographic segmentation overlay to this data, as the segmentation will serve us by divi ding a large population/sample into specific customer groups. We are opting for the demographical segmentation as we expect to receive a large amount of data that otherwise would not be feasible to analyze. Therefore, we cluster the information to make patterns of sub-groups visible and will enable to identify consumer profile and behaviors.We refer to this as top-down market research. The consumer behavior can only be partly captured in the demographic segmentation, so to ensure we have a bulky sample of data, we introduce a bottom-up process by initiating â€Å"Shopper Insights† research. â€Å"Shopper Insights† will in addition to bring to additional data on behavior also provide invaluable insights to the customer’s perception of pasta. The aim with â€Å"Shoppers Insight† is to passively monitor the customer’s behavior in the situation of purchase at point-of-buying to learn about the â€Å"conversion rate†.Unilever defines â€Å"Shopp ers Insight† as † focus on the process that takes place between that first thought the consumer has about purchasing an item, all the way through the selection of that item†. This is further underlined by practical examples from Kraft Foods Switzerland, who has provided access to their methodology to this group. We will be adopting the methods of â€Å"5 S’s† to conduct our â€Å"Shopper insights† research and conduct this across the difference distribution channels mentioned in the case.Detailed explanation in Appendix 2 By making use of both top-down and bottom-up quantitative research, we feel we have adequate data quality. However it is critical to maintain a satisfactory sample size. We assume our sample pool will be the entire Spanish population. There are many considerations when choosing a sampling size. We consider it a tradeoff between costs and sampling quality as there is a linear relationship between the sampling size and the cost. We estimate that the sampling size must be at least 384 people. See further details in appendix 3.To finish the research we introduce â€Å"Consumer Insight† which is a qualitative overlay. Personal interviews with customers will be done immediately after the consumer has been observed in the â€Å"Shoppers Insight†. The sample size when conducting qualitative research is less important as there is no need for statistical significance, so we will be highly selective when choosing participants. Actually we will aim to only interview the â€Å"High-Consumer† and â€Å"Non-consumer† segments found in the top-down demographic segmentation research.This will provide strong qualitative data for creating the marketing strategy and planning. These topics will not be discussed in this paper. Q3 – Implementation: As we want to build in the existing data from AEPFA, significantly more data collecting must be done. We would conduct a survey on a large sample, using these four variables: Age, life-cycle stage (the life cycle stage of a consumer group defines what will be the need of that particular customer), Gender and Income. In addition questions in pasta purchasing history and frequency would be asked.The questions will be designed so the answers can be directly comparable across the entire sample. This can be achieved by having a 1-5 scale designed on which the answers must fit one of the numbers. Example: Question: â€Å"How often do you eat pasta†, Possible answers: â€Å"1: Never, 2: ones a day, 3: ones a week, 4: ones a month, 5: ones a year†. By constructing all questions to fit such answer-schedule, we will be able to achieve statistical significance. The result will be a clear segmented group, where we can establish who are the current consumers (core buying segment) and non-consumers (core anti-buyers).We believe these segments should be targeted for further penetration. Next step we passively and discretely mo nitor the consumer at point-of-buying using the â€Å"5 S’s† approach (See appendix 2). We will be present in all the distribution channels mentioned. This can be done via video or via physical presents. It is paramount the customer is unaware she/he is being monitored as this potentially would influence the buying habits. The consumer segments found above – the consumer and non-consumer – will be specifically targeted in the monitoring. I. e. hen a consumer fits one of the segments, the monitoring will be initiated. We wish to focus on these segments due to costs, but could increase the sampling to all customers across all segments if budget would allow. As the quantitative research should not stand alone, we would initiate in-depth interviews with more open-ended questions to better grasp the motivation behind the choice made by the customer. Such questions could be â€Å"Why did you buy pasta†, â€Å"What type of pasta do you normally buy†, â€Å"why did you buy pasta instead of rice or potatoes. . For the non-consumers questions could be â€Å"Why do you choose rice/potatoes instead of pasta†, †Which pasta products are you missing in the shop† etc. We believe the quantitative and qualitative output of this extensive research plan, by identifying the two interesting segments and dwell into their motivations behind their choice, would form an excellent base for developing an effective market strategy and for creating an overall marketing strategy for Pasta in Spain. ? APPENDIX 1For the calculations of the market gap – difference in current and potential market – we have assumed the following: †¢Current year is 1990. †¢Potential year is 1992. Population has increased by 0. 6% from 1990 to 1992. †¢Euro/Pesetas exchange rate is 166. 386. (Official final fixing when Spain adopted the Euro) †¢Consumer behavior in terms of demand of the different pasta types is unchange d from 1990 – 1992 †¢Pasta price was inflated with 4% from 1990 – 1992. †¢Consumption of pasta rose 1 kg pr. Capita from 1990 – 1992 Pasta Market in 1990: Pasta Market in 1992: ? APPENDIX 2:The 5 S’s method is designed so marketers can observe a customer from entering point-of-buying (POB) to final transaction. The method works on two levels: 1. Consumer level; The consumer are monitored so we follow the target discreetly around the POB. We observe how the consumer Sees, Scans, Spot, Show interest and (potentially) Select the product we represent. This gives us valuable information as we can identifies were in the process we lose the customer (also call Fall-out). The conversation rate is computed as number of consumers selecting our product out of shoppers entering the POB.The net sales for a given company is highly sensitive to changes in conversation rate – Only a small increase in conversion will generate a (relative) large increase i n sales. 2. Store layout and the category placement in POB. We can observe the customers’ ability to find the product in POB; is the product visible to the consumer, where on the shelve is it placed, is it placed with complementary goods? or supplementary goods? After the research is concluded feedback will be delivered to POB to improve visibility if required. ? APPENDIX 3: We recognize the sample size of 1067 is a (very) rough estimate.We opted for an internet resource from Creative Research Systems as we decided to focus our resources on the research planning and method. The sample size is computed using: Confidence level: 95% Confidence Interval (margin of error) 5% Population 40’000’000 We believe these input factors are comparable with real-life statistical simulations. ? APPENDIX 4: As we require a specialized set of data and therefore need a specialized report, we assume such report must be order and bought directly at a Market Research company or instit ute under normal circumstances.As it is specialized we assume the price will be high, so budget with a one-time payment of EUR 75. 000. We have only very little foundation for making this estimate. It was the conclusion of a conversation between marketing executives on Linkedin. The bottom-up research will need to conduct 384 observations in order to fulfill to the minimum sample size requirement found in appendix 3. Based on information from marketing sources at Kraft Foods, we consider it realistic one market researcher can conduct 25 observations in one day. This results in 15. 3 days of work at an assumed daily rate of EUR 1000

Exchange Rate Based On Economic Factors Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 22 Words: 6555 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Exchange rate movements can have significant impact on a companys return especially for multinational companies and companies that involved heavily in export and import of goods. A small change in exchange rate would impact directly to the companys performance. Therefore these companies often use derivatives securities such as options, forwards and futures to hedge or mitigate risk arising from exchange rate movements. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Exchange Rate Based On Economic Factors Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Investors also use these tools to speculate and hope for profit from fluctuations in exchange rates. If investors predicted accurately on future exchange rate then this would provide a favourable return on their investment portfolio. In this paper, we will examine on how economic factors relate to exchange rate movements and use it to forecast. Firstly, we will look at four different types of exchange rate regime and how the exchange rate is determined. Next, we will examine Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and we use it to calculate whether a currency is undervalued or overvalued. After that, we look at how Balance of Payment (BOP) could be one of the factors that influences exchange rate movements. Under BOP trade flow model, we use the trade flow and capital market participants to be the factors that determine the exchange rate equilibrium. We then use this model to predict future exchange rate movements when there is a shock in economic activity. Lastly, we will examine the relat ionship between official interest rate and exchange rate and use the interest rate differentials theory to predict future exchange rate. 1.1 TYPES OF EXCHANGE RATE 1.1.1 Free Floating Exchange Rate Regime Under this type of exchange rate, the value of a nations currency is fully determined by the market demand and supply in a freely competitive market. Under no government intervention in the exchange rate determination, the rate fluctuates purely based on the conditions of demand and supply. The benefit of choosing this type of exchange rate over fixed exchange rate regime is that the country will not suffer from balance of payments crisis because the currency will adjust accordingly and no reserves are being used to maintain its pegged value, but on the other hand, it causes lack of confidence to importer or exporter as the currency has the potential to fluctuate widely in a short period during period of turbulence. 1994 economic crisis in Mexico is a good example to explain balance of payment crisis due to its fixed exchange rate regime. Mexican peso had to be devalued immediately when Mexico government run out of its foreign reserves to maintain its fixed exchange rate regime, se e Whitt (1996). However, many nations will prefer managed floating exchange rate instead of free floating exchange rate as they can intervene the market and reduce the fluctuation of its currency. 1.2 Managed Floating Exchange Rate Regime This type of exchange rate is similar to free floating exchange rate, the monetary authorities or central bank will manage and control its fluctuation rather than simply leaving it to be set by the market. The central bank can alter its official interest rates or uses its reserves to influence the value of its currency in the short and long run. We will further discuss interest rates and BOP approach in chapter 2.2 and 2.3. 1.1.3 Fixed and Semi-Fixed Exchange Rate Regime Fixed exchange rate is often called as pegged exchange rate; the exchange rate is set at a declared par value and maintained by the authorities or central bank. The rate will not fluctuate in daily basis as the intervention from the authorities will fix the exchange rate by buying or selling its currency. The central bank must hold large foreign currency reserves to mitigate shocks in supply and demand. Third world countries often use fixed exchange rate to build confidence in investors and avoid bubbles in foreign market. Developing countries can use it to avoid out-of-control-inflation. In term of semi-fixed exchange rate regime, the value of a countrys currency is allowed to float between the permitted bands of fluctuation. Same as fixed exchange rate regime, central bank has to intervene in the foreign exchange market to ensure that the exchange rate stays within the specified bands and it can be done by buying or selling its countrys currency. In other words, central bank a cts as a dominant investor and has the ability to influence market exchange rate. However, the fixed exchange rate regime can backfire, if the foreign exchange market value of the currency is not reflected by the pegged rate. This will lead to investors to trade the currency in the black market; the currency will not be traded at the pegged rate, instead at market value. If the countrys currency were set its rate wrongly, take the case when central bank set its rate above equilibrium (an overvalued currency), in the long period of time, the monetary authorities will suffer from foreign reserves crisis. They must then either devalue their currency or change the regime from fixed to floating type of exchange rate. Please refer to Argentine economic crisis (1999 -2002) and Mexican peso crisis (1994) for a better understanding in the foreign reserves crisis. CHAPTER 2: FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE EXCHANGE RATE In this chapter, we first look at how Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) could be used to analyse the movements in exchange rate and hence predict future spot rate. The reason we start with PPP is that PPP perhaps covers the most fundamental approach to assess long-term value in the foreign exchange market. In order to develop more sophisticated models of exchange rate determination, we must first be able to grip a good understanding about the basic notion of PPP, theories and assumption of this approach. We look at three main types of evaluating a nations currency which are absolute purchasing power parity, real exchange rate and relative purchasing power parity. We then use them to determine whether the currency is overvalued or undervalued. Next, we consider balance of payment (BOP) approach in our study of movements in exchange rate. In this section, we begin with the BOP structure and classification and followed by BOP flow model of exchange rate determination. In this flow m odel, we first look at how trade flow determines the exchange rate equilibrium and later we combine with capital market participants to produce a more complete BOP flow model. We also examine in how exchange rate responds to a shock in economic activity based on the BOP flow model. We look at interest rates as predictor of exchange rate movements in section 2.3. We start with two fundamental interest rate hypotheses which are covered interest rate parity (CIP) and uncovered interest rate parity (UIP) and use them to determine the expected rate of depreciation or appreciation of a currency. Next, we discuss about how interest rate differentials cause movement in capital flow from one country to another and hence affect the exchange rate. 2.1 PURCHASING POWER PARITY (PPP) PPP is one the oldest method to forecast the long-term value of a foreign exchange and the foundation of PPP is based on the assumption of law of one price. Law of one price simply states that in an efficient market, all identical tradable goods must only have one price. This law implies that exchange rates should be adjusted to compensate for price differentials across nations; price of goods and services should cost the same in all nations when prices are measured in a common currency. However, law of one price does not always hold especially in the short time frame. At a point in time, the price for the same item in different market may not be unique if the price measured in a single currency. Antweiler (2009) stated that changes in exchange rate in the short run are news-driven whereas PPP describes the long run behaviour of the exchange rate. The economic forces behind PPP will eventually even out the differences in purchasing power of currencies. As mentioned earlier, we only consider the long-term value of the exchange rate in this paper hence this problem will no longer hold as the price will adjust accordingly. PPP divided into two categories, absolute purchasing power parity and relative purchasing power parity. 2.1.1 Absolute Purchasing Power Parity In order to derive the equation for absolute purchasing power parity, firstly we need to use the assumption of law of one price to equate price of one good expressed in two different currencies. Equation (2.1) holds with respect to all tradable goods and services consumed in two countries. Pi is the price of i good and service in domestic country and with asterisks is the price of goods and services in foreign countries. S is the nominal exchange rate between the domestic country and foreign country, expressed as price of a unit of foreign currency, measured in units of domestic currency. However, we assumed that there are no transaction costs such as transportation and tariffs in equation (2.1). It will be more appropriate to calculate the estimated exchange rate based on PPP if we use a basket of tradable goods and services as our measurement in both countries instead of a single tradable good. P and P* refer to the domestic and foreign countrys price of a basket of tra dable goods and services. Equation (2.2) is often called absolute purchasing power parity. Absolute purchasing power parity follows the proposition that a group of tradable products will have the same cost in every country if the costs are converted in a common currency. If the nominal exchange rate calculated based on equation (2.2) is greater (lower) than the actual exchange rate, it suggests that the domestic currency is undervalued (overvalued) against the foreign currency. 2.1.2 Real Exchange Rate PPP however does not always hold in practice, in this case, many economists wish to measure deviation from PPP and the most popular method used for this measurement is called real exchange rate: Real exchange rate, Q, is defined as the nominal exchange rate that takes inflation differential between two currencies into account. For the simplicity, we use Big Mac, the McDonalds sandwich, as our example to explain how economists use this approach to determine whether one currency is overvalued or undervalued. Let the United Kingdom and the United States be the domestic and foreign country used in our example. We also assume it costs pound;1 to buy a Big Mac in United Kingdom, UK and $1.5 in United States, US. In this case nominal exchange rate is said to be 0.667 (pound;1 = $1.50). If absolute PPP holds, then the value for Q is said to be one; the burger would cost the same in United States and United Kingdom since the burger is identical in both countries. However, if nominal exch ange rate remains constant, i.e. pound;1 = $1.50, and Big Mac costs pound;1.2 in United Kingdom, this implies that it costs 20 percent more in United Kingdom, suggesting that the pound is overvalued by 20 percent relative to US dollar, hence the absolute PPP no longer holds (Q is not equal to one). In this case, there will be an upward pressure on the demand for US dollar; one would buy the burger in US at the price equal to 1 pound (pound;1=$1.50) instead of buying it in UK which costs pound;1.20. Increase in demand for US dollar causes upward pressure on the nominal exchange rate until the price in US and UK is the same, the real exchange rate returns to 1. To further our study on Big Mac, in table 1, page 11, we show the prices of Big Mac in 17 countries expressed in term of US Dollars based on the actual exchange rate as of 4 July 1995. Since the Big Macs are identical, whether purchased in Sydney, San Francisco or Tokyo, they should theoretically cost the same or at least ro ughly the same price according to the law of one price. The Economist magazine found out that the law of one price does not hold when applied to Big Mac, as substantial deviations from PPP exist. Nevertheless, Cumby (1993) study the behaviour of Big Mac prices in 25 countries over seven-year period starting from 1987. The study found that 70-percent of the gap between actual exchange rate and their estimated Purchasing Power McParity values was removed. Purchasing Power McParity works exactly the same as PPP, instead of using a basket of tradable goods and services, it uses Big Mac index which published by The Economist. Table 1 Currency Big Mac Price Implied PPP of the US$ Actual Exchange rate % Over (+)/ In Local Currency In US Dollar Terms as of 4/7/95 Under(-) Valuation Hong Kong Hk$9.50 1.23 4.09 7.73 -47 Indonesia 3900 1.75 1681 2231 -25 Australia A$2.45 1.82 1.06 1.35 -22 Canada C$2.77 1.99 1.19 1.39 -14 Singapore S$2.95 2.10 1.27 1.40 -9 US $2.32 2.32 Italy Lire 4500 2.64 1940 1702 +14 Britain pound; 1.74 2.80 1.33 1.61 +21 Spain Pta 3.55 2.86 153 124 +23 S. Korea Won 2300 2.99 991 769 +29 Holland FI 5.45 3.53 2.35 1.55 +52 Sweden Skr 26.0 3.54 11.2 7.34 +53 Belgium Bfr 109 3.84 47.0 28.4 +66 France FFr 18.5 3.85 7.97 4.80 +66 Germany DM 4.80 3.48 2.07 1.38 +50 Japan  ¥391 4.65 169 84.2 +100 Denmark Dkr 26.75 4.92 11.5 5.43 +112 Source: McDonalds; The Economist, April 15, 1995 2.1.3 Relative Purchasing Power Parity There is another way of measuring real exchange rate which is known as relative purchasing power parity. As before, it measures the relationship between two countries relative inflation rates and the change in the exchange rate, we then use it to predict the future exchange rate. Relative purchasing power parity is defined as the rate of change in price level of a basket of tradable goods and services in one country relative to the price level in another determines the rate of change of the exchange rate between the two countries currencies. Equation (2.4) is obtained by taking logs of Equation (2.2) and the reason of doing so is one could measures the exchange rate in term of rates of growth when we apply derivative on natural logarithm (equation (2.5)). In equation (2.4), s is defined as the log of nominal exchange rate, p and p* represent the log of price in domestic country and foreign country. Next, if we apply derivative on equation (2.4), we arrived at the proportiona l rate of change, which is also known as relative purchasing power parity. The equation as above says that rate of change of currency, ds is equal home countrys inflation rate, dp minus foreign inflation rate, dp*. One way to interpret this relationship is simply saying when prices rise more rapidly in home country than foreign country then it is said that the domestic money losses its value relative to the foreign money or decrease in exchange rate, and vice-versa. Equation (2.5) is also valid for relaxing the assumption of no transaction cost when the transaction cost is proportional to the value of the goods. Take logarithm in Equation (2.6) we have: Since k is a constant, we end up with the same result as equation (2.5) simply because it vanishes when we differentiating a constant, k. In other words, proportional transaction costs have no effects on the relative purchasing power parity. In this section, we discussed how price differentials could be related to nominal exchange rate. Investors could use equations (2.2), (2.3) and (2.5) to predict the future spot rate movements. It is difficult to measure the change in price of a basket of tradable goods and services in both countries, therefore investors often use Consumer Price Index (CPI), Export Price Index (EPI) or Import Price Index in evaluating the estimated exchange rate based on these equations and make appropriate investment decision. In graph 1, we show a strong positive correlation between YEN ¥/USD$ exchange rate and Japan export prices (all commodities) from 2001 to 2010. However, the drawback of using Japan Export Price Index (EPI) is that EPI unable to tell us about the magnitude of the change in exchange rate corresponded to a unit change in export price. We note that the magnitude of the change in YEN ¥/USD$ exchange rates do not correspond well to the Japan export prices in year 2008 and this might be reason of the effect on global financial crisis in year 2007 to 2010. There are number of debates in the international economics on the issue of whether PPP is a valid tool for forecasting exchange rate. PPP could be calculated based on CPI, EPI, wholesale price indexes, wages or other set of price or cost indexes. Unfortunately, each approach may provide different set of answers as to whether a currency is undervalued or overvalued and this might lead to disaster investment decision if an investor chose a wrong set of index. In the effort of calculating relative PPP, we cannot fully rely on the set of price indexes as different countries may have different national preference and tastes, and hence different weight in their price indexes. Therefore, if two nations preference and tastes are not in common, using price indexes may not be the best approach to forecast its exchange rate. Apart from choosing appropriate set of price indexes, there is another problem called the base-year problem. Selecting different base-year could end up the same puzzle as before. However, this problem could be resolved by selecting the base year when both countries current account balance last attained is near zero. 2.2 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (BOP) The BOP model of exchange rate determination was originally developed in the 1930s and 1940s by Robinson (1937), Machlup (1939), and Haberler (1949). In this section, we explain the meaning of BOP and its accounts, current account and capital and financial accounts. Next, we look at the basic model of BOP which only considers trade flow as the determination of exchange rate then we slowly develop to more complete BOP flow model which able to tell us the future exchange rate movements for a given shock in economy activity. 2.2.1 BOP Structure and Classification BOP is defined as a statistical statement that systematically summarises, for a specific period, the economic transactions of an economy with the rest of the world by IMF (please refer to IMF Balance of Payments Manual, Fifth Edition, Chapter 2 Conceptual Framework, page 6). The transactions refer to receipts and payments of all of the money coming in a country from abroad and going out from the country to abroad for a specific period. Examples of these transactions are payments for the countrys export and imports of goods, services and financial capital. Transactions that lead to a receipt of payment from foreigners (payment to foreigners) are recorded in the BOPs accounts as a credit (debit). BOP accounts are divided into two broad part, current account and capital and financial accounts. Current account deals with payments for import and export goods and services, income from abroad such as interest and dividends, and transfer payments. In order to figure out whether the bala nce of the current account of a country has a deficit or a surplus, one can calculate it using the equation as follow (IMF Balance of Payments Manual, Fifth Edition, Appendices, page 158): In other words, current account balance (CAB) is equal to the sum of net value of exports (X) and imports (IM) goods and services, net income abroad (NY) and net current transfer(NCT). A surplus of CAB indicates that the economy of a country being a net creditor to the rest of the world. This means that the country is providing resources to other economies more than it received, in return, they owes money to the country. This situation is often called as favourable balance and it indicates that there is an upward pressure on demand of the countrys currency, which leads to an increase in the value of the currency. On the other hand, deficit of CAB mirror the economy of a country being a net debtor to the rest of the world. It is said that the country is investing more in its country than saving and it uses resources from other economies to meet its domestic consumption and investment requirements. On the other part of BOP, capital and financial accounts which record the transactions related to international movements of ownership of financial assets. One can easily break capital and financial account into four categories; direct investment, portfolio investment, other investments and reserves account, refer to IMF Balance of Payments Manual, Fifth Edition, Chapter 3 Structure and Classification, page 77. Direct investment records the transactions on long term capital investment, such as purchase of fixed assets in foreign countries or domestic country by any residents or non-residents. Portfolio investment is referred to the transactions of buying or selling shares and bonds in financial markets. Other investments are referred to capital flows into banks or banks provide loans to residents or foreign investors. After the initial investment, any incomes or interest re payments generated by these assets are recorded in the current account. Reserve account is controlled by monetary authorities and these reserves are used for financing or regulating payments imbalances or for other purpose, refer to IMF Balance of Payments Manual, Fifth Edition, Chapter 3 Structure and Classification page 80. Any payment imbalances will usually lead to change in the holding of reserves as monetary authorities will use it for official market intervention to influence the spot rate. If a domestic resident purchased (sold) foreign assets or foreign resident sold his/her (purchased) assets in the domestic economy then it is referred to be capital outflow (capital inflow) and it is recorded as debit (credit) entry in capital and financial accounts. 2.2.2 BOP Flow Model In this section, we will use BOP flow model to determine and affect the value of an exchange rate. We will first be looking at the simple trade flow model of exchange rate determination and how do monetary authorities intervene in the foreign market under fixed and semi fixed exchange rate regime to manage its exchange rate. Next we will include capital market participants into our consideration of modelling exchange rate equilibrium and predict future spot rate movements. We also examine in how exchange rate respond to a shock in economy or large capital movements. The diagram above shows us how the equilibrium MYR/US$ exchange rate is determined under three different exchange rate regimes. On the vertical axis, we plot the MYR/US$ exchange rate and on the horizontal axis we have the quantity of US dollar printed by US government in a specific time frame. In this model, we shall only consider the demand of US dollar (D$) is affected by the Malaysian demand for US goods. To expl ain this, Malaysian residents must first exchange Ringgit Malaysia in the foreign exchange market before they could make payments for the US goods they wish to purchase. In the same vein, the supply of US dollar (S$) is only affected by the demand of Malaysian goods by US residents. In the free floating exchange rate regime, if the demand and supply for dollars is only affected by the trade flows, it should be in the equilibrium point (QE,E2) at all time, which is the intersection between supply (S$) and demand (D$) for dollars. To explain this phenomenon, if we look at the exchange rates above equilibrium, there is an excess of supply of US dollar (S$) and market will push the exchange rate down to equilibrium point, and vice-versa. Let us assume that the exchange rate regime between MYR and US Dollar were semi fixed and the permitted band of fluctuation was E1 and E3. If the equilibrium exchange rate is within the bands therefore no intervention by central bank is required. If the demand shifted above (below) the allowed band of fluctuation,D1$ (D2$), then the central bank must sells (buys) its own currency on the foreign exchange market and restore the equilibrium within the band. In the fixed exchange rate regime, if the MYR/US$ exchange rate were pegged at an artificially high level such as E3, then flow supply for dollars would exceed the flow demand of dollars and the gap between A an B would be the markets excess supply for dollars (QB -QA). In order to maintain at the level E3, the central bank must then buys its own currency on the foreign exchange market in return for the currency to which it is pegged. Graph 2 shows the spot rate between Malaysia and US (MYR/US$) for the period between 1st January 2004 and 31th December 2007. Between 1998 and 2004, the exchange rate between MYR and US Dollar was pegged wrongly at the rate above market equilibrium, 3.80 ($1=MYR 3.80) by Bank Negara Malaysia, Talib (2004). On 21th July 2005, Malaysia and US government agreed to remove this pegged regime and adopted managed float exchange rate regime. Since then, the value depreciated significantly and this indicates that the spot rate was pegged above the market equilibrium. In the BOP model, capital flows are important in analysing the exchange rate movements, especially in the short and intermediate-term horizon, Siourounis (2003). The diagram below shows how capital market participants could influence the value exchange rates. For the purpose of analysing, we divide capital participants into two groups; one seeking for capital gains (currency speculators) and other one is seeking for interest rate differentials (international investor). In the following section, we look at the model on how currency speculators influence the exchange rate whereas the interest rate differentials as a model to predict exchange rate movements will be discussed in section 2.3.3. The diagram above shows the exchange rate correspond to the demand and supply of dollars provided by currency speculators. On the right (left) side of vertical axis, the SP$ represented the supply (demand) of US dollars provided by currency speculators. Let the current spot rate MYR/US$ be the point where SP$ intersects y axis, Ee. If speculators predict the expectation of future spot rate be more than Ee, say E2, then currency speculators will convert Ringgit Malaysia to US dollars at the present and it convert back when the market rose above the current equilibrium point. In other words, currency speculators will be willing to supply more of US dollars in the future if the expected spot rate lies above Ee. The opposite case will be the same if expected spot rate lies below Ee. Complete BOP flow model of exchange rate determination is obtained by combining BOP trade flow model of exchange rate determination, diagram 1, currency speculation and exchange rate determination, diagram 2 and interest rate differentials as a model of exchange rate det ermination, diagram 5. This model allows us to study the interaction of commercial traders and capital market participants set the equilibrium level of spot rate. Diagram 3 (a) is the copy of the trade flow model shown in diagram 1 where exchange rate is determined by only trade demand and supply of US dollars. In order to capture the gaps between trade demand and trade supply we plot excess commercial demand curve for dollars, ED$ in diagram 3 (b), (D$-S$) and relate it to the supply of US dollars curve, SP1$. SP1$ curve is influenced by capital market participants, which consist of international investors and currency speculators. Plot ED$ and SP1$ in a same graph, we obtain the complete BOP flow model of exchange rate determination. In this model, the new equilibrium level of exchange rate is obtained by finding the intersection point between ED$ and SP1$. In other words, it is the intersection point between the net supply of dollars provided by capital market participants and the excess of commercial demand for dollars by commercial traders. However, investors are more interested in how exchange rates respond to shift in domestic and foreign economic activity, change in market expectations of future spot rates and independent shift in trade flows. Using BOP flow model of exchange rate (2), diagram 4 allows us to predict the future exchange rate movements and its direction caused by these shocks. Let us assume the SP2$ and ED1$ be the current supply and demand for US dollars respectively and the corresponding spot rate is at E1. If there is an increase in Malaysian economic activity (case 1), more Malaysian residents are willing to spend, this would imply that a relative increase in Malaysian demand for US goods and services. In turn, it causes an overall rightward shift of excess commercial demand for US dollars from ED1$ to ED2S. The market will respond to the change in Malaysian economic activity and restore its equilibrium at a higher rate, E2. In other words, greater amount of US dollars are injected by Malaysian residents whilst the supply curve remains constant, this caused an increase in the equilibrium spot rate. For the increase in independent trade flows, it will be the same explanation as increase in Malaysian economic activity. In case 2, we assume there is a positive shift in the market expectation of future spot rate and this positive shift would immediately impact the exchange rate. An upward shift in market expectation on the long run equilibrium would shift SP2$ upwards to SP3$, positive shift in capital market participants demand for foreign exchange resulting an immediately appreciation in the spot rate. Siourounis (2003) shows the empirical evidence for a positive shock to net purchase of US equities by UK, Germany and Switzerland have a significant and immediate effect on exchange rate that lasts between 10 and 17 months. In graph 3, we show there is a significant trend between USD$/AUD$ exchange r ate and Australias current account seasonally adjusted. However the exchange rate does not always associate with the Australias current account balance especially in year 2003 to 2004. This could be the reason when Australia became the host for Ruby World Cup (RWC) 2003. URS Finance and Economics (2004) stated that the results of this event contributed to additional economic activity in the short term throughout the Australian economy in terms of industry sales, employment, GDP and Government revenue. However, URS Finance and Economics (2004) also stated that after 2005 any RWC 2003 influence would have diminished on international visitors. We also note that gap between Australias current account seasonally adjusted and its exchange rate was diminished as well. In graph 4 shows the connection between GBP/MYR exchange rate and Malaysias current account balance. Starting from 2003, the exchange rates move along in the same direction with the movements in Malaysias current account b alance; however, this trend is not as significant as in graph 3. Nevertheless, investors could still use this approach to forecast exchange rate. 2.3 INTEREST RATES In this section, we look at the two main forms of interest rate hypothesis, covered interest rate parity and uncovered interest rate parity. Next, we look at the interest rate differentials as a model to predict future exchange rate movements and how it relates to capital movements from one country to another. 2.3.1 Covered interest rate parity (CIP) To explain the meaning of covered interest rate parity, we shall only consider that investors can either invest in UK (domestic country) or US (foreign country) fixed deposit. Let the UK fixed deposit and US fixed deposit rates be r and r* respectively. For simplicity, we assume that the investor can only convert his/her wealth through a 12-months forward exchange rate if he/she decided to invest in US fixed deposit. On the other hand, if the investor has decided to deposit pound;1 for 12 months in a UK bank which guarantee r interest at the end of the period. Then the pound;1 will accumulated to: For the cases when investor decided to invest pound;1 in US fixed deposit then at the end of 12 months period the pound;1 will accumulate to: Let F denote the forward exchange rate and S be the current spot rate, both measured in the unit of sterling price, (GBP per 1 unit of USD). Under no transaction costs and no arbitrage assumptions, equation (2.10) and equation (2.11) should be equal. We can rewrite the ratio F to S in a linear form. Where f is defined as the forward premium (discount), the ratio by which a countrys (UK) forward exchange rate to another (US) exceed (falls below) its spot rate. We can then substitute equation (2.13) to our equilibrium condition in equation (2.12) and express it as follow: Note that we can subtract one from both sides and r*f is the product of interest rate and forward premium (discount). In general cases, we can easily ignore the last term without affect the equilibrium condition as it is the second order of smallness, unless we are dealing we hyperinflation country then this term can not be ignored as it will be significant in measuring the equilibrium condition. Equation (2.15) states that the domestic interest rate must be higher (lower) than the foreign interest rate by the amount equal to the forward discount (premium) on the domestic currency; this is also known as covered interest rate parity hypothesis. However, empirical evidences show that equation (2.13) does not always hold precisely for the given interest rate differentials and forward premium as it contains transaction costs. In fact, for the fixed exchange rate regime, most researchers found out it felt within a specific bound. We define c to be the cost of carrying out the transaction. The absolute value c is too small that one can not justify it as an unexploited profit opportunity and hence the no arbitrage assumption is still valid in this case. Taylor (1989) studied the unexploited profit opportunities in three different types of economics, stable period, period of turbulences and later period of turbulences of an economic. He concluded that there is no unexploited profit opportunity to be found during the stable period in foreign exchange and this indicates that market is in efficient. He also noted that there is potential to exploit profitable arbitrage opportunity during periods of turbulences. In the later period of turbulences, frequency and size of the profit opportunities in the market had decreased significantly and this suggest that efficiency of the market had increased over time. 2.3.2 Uncovered interest rate parity (UIP) In the covered interest rate parity, we restrict investors to invest in foreign country by changing his/her currency through forward contract whereas in uncovered interest rate parity we do not restrict them. Therefore, investors bear the exchange rate risk as they are not guaranteed the value of exchange rate at the end of 12 months period. As equation (2.12), we replace F by Se where Se represents the expected spot rate at the end of 12 months period. Note that the ratio Se/S is not known; unlike in the equation (2.12), all variables are known at the present. The ratio can be greater (lower) than one if the expected spot rate is higher (lower) than the current spot rate. We can rewrite the ratio as follow: We define ?Se to be the expected rate of depreciation or appreciation of the domestic currency over the 12 months period. Substituting equation (2.17) into equation (2.16), we obtain: As before, we ignore the final term, r*Se in equation (2.18) The equation ab ove states the domestic interest rate must be higher (lower) than the foreign interest rate by the amount equal to the expected rate of depreciation (appreciation) of the domestic currency, this is also known as the uncovered interest rate parity hypothesis. 2.3.3 Interest Rate Differentials as Predictors of Exchange Rate Changes Has been mentioned in the previous section, we will look at how international investors react on the interest rate differentials and hence influence the change in exchange rate. Same as before, we assume a two-country world economy consist of United States and Malaysia. We also assume that investors will invest their wealth in Malaysia if the interest rate in Malaysia is higher than in United State, and vice-versa. Diagram 5 shows the relationship between interest rate differentials and the capital movement between two countries. At the point (iUS iMY)2, investors are indifference if they invested their wealth in Malaysia or United State; the interest in both country is the same. However, when the official interest rate set in United State is higher (lower) than in Malaysia, (iUS iMY)3, then investors will inject more capital into US (Malaysia) from Malaysia (US) as they could earn a higher rate of return. In the second part of the diagram shows the relationship between the size of the change in the spot rate and capital flows.   The slop represents the sensitivity of exchange rate towards capital flow; the higher it is the greater the magnitude of the change in spot rate towards capital flows. In reality, equation (2.20) does not always hold as the expected change in exchange rate predicted by investor does not always match with the spot rate at 12-months period. Therefore, we introduce u as the predictor error in equation (2.21). In evaluating the interest rate differentials as predictors of the change in exchange rate, investors have to measure the size and the direction of the predictor error. Mussa (1979) stated that the interest differentials explain little on the changes in exchange rates; therefore one has to include predictor error when evaluating the change in exchange rate. Graph 5, Appendices shows a positive relationship between MYR/GBP spot rate movements and the difference in interest rate between United Kingdom and Malaysia, (IUK- IMYR). Based on these data, if an currency speculator wishes to predict the future spot rate and he is considering interest rate differentials be the only factor that influences spot rate; he will exchange sterling pound for Ringgit Malaysia at the present and convert back to sterling pound in the future to obtain capital gain as the spot rate has the tendency to drift downward. Conclusion This paper found out that the relative change in price in the short run for both countries with respect to the nominal exchange rate does not hold when we use law of one price. Changes in exchange rate in the short run are news-driven and law of one price is valid when we measure the change in the long run. We also showed that prices of Big Mac in 17 countries did not cost the same price when we measured in term of US dollars. In the long run, studies showed that the gap between actual and estimated exchange rate using Purchasing Power McParity was removed. The real exchange rate is said to be equal to one if the absolute purchasing power holds when we measure the prices in both countries with respect to the nominal spot rate. Under the BOP model, if the spot rate were pegged at the rate above its equilibrium then the central bank would have to buy its own currency on the foreign market in return for the currency to which it is pegged. In corporate to this, we look at the case w hen Malaysia and United State removed the fixed exchange rate regime and adopted managed float exchange rate regime, the exchange rate depreciated significantly. We also discussed how capital market participants react and influence the exchange rate when there is a shock in economy activity. In the interest rates section, we discussed the meaning of covered interest rate parity and uncovered interest rate parity; we then use them as predictor of exchange rate changes. In driving these two hypotheses, we use no arbitrage opportunity assumption. However, studies showed that during period of turbulence there is potential to exploit profitable arbitrage opportunity whereas in the stable period there is no unexploited profit opportunity which indicates that market is in efficient. We also discussed how interest rate differentials will influence capital movements and its sensitivity. If interest rate in domestic country is higher than in foreign country then it will cause capital flow into domestic country by international investors. We also concluded that the greater the sensitivity of change in spot rates towards capital flows, the greater the magnitude of the change. We also showed that there is positive trend between YEN ¥/USD$ exchange rate and Japan export prices (All Commodities), USD$/AUD$ exchange rate and Australia current account seasonally adjusted, GBP/MYR exchange rate and UK current account seasonally adjusted, MYR/GBP exchange rate and interest rate differential.