Evolutionary Psychology Depression

History of the Welfare State in the United Kingdom essays

History of the Welfare State in the United Kingdom essays The UK's welfare system has a long history and has evolved as a response to social, economic and political changes in society. The birth of the welfare state after WWII was a watershed in British history. The newly elected Labor Government "took on the task of setting up a 'welfare state' that would systematically tackle Beveridge's 'five giants'. The creation of a new, more equal society was the key task of government. Social policy was at the top of the political agenda". (Walsh et al, p.46). Elaborating more on the welfare state as far as Beveridge's report is concerned, William Beveridge's report according to Chandler (2002), was to help the citizens of Britain to combat the five giant evils; squalor, ignorance, want, idleness and disease. He goes on to explain that the report was very vital in the sense that Britain was then at war and filth, poverty, illiteracy, unemployment and diseases were common due to the daily bombardment of Britain that crippled and even destroyed most industries, people's homes etc. Before the report, Beveridge was in the liberal reforms from 1906 to 1914 which benefited just few people in Britain hence the gap between the poor and the rich became very huge and inequality became part of the British society. Furthermore, according to Harling (2001), the reforms after Beveridge's report did not take into account wage earners families in other words; this reform did not benefit people in employment regardless of their income. These wage earners did not get any entitlement for medical treatment, because of this, most care takers especially mothers put off any medical treatment for themselves in order to afford treatment for their children which was very disturbing because most people lost their lives because of this unequal system of health care in Britain (Harling 2001). Nevertheless, Chandler (2001) explains that, the Rowntree report conducted in 1936 showed that want or poverty was still a big pro...

Humanities through the arts - Architecture Essay

Humanities through the arts - Architecture - Essay Example JÃ ¸rn Oberg Utzon created the Sydney Opera House which is one of most recognizable buildings in the world. These men made architecture an art form. Gustave Eiffel’s most recognizable work is the Eiffel Tower. Eiffel created a skyscraper for the first time that did not religious meaning or a military purpose (Dupre 2001:16-17). The intricate patterns of iron work that make up the Eiffel Tower are constructed to hold up from the wind. The pattern is abstract with no significance except to be wind proof. This immense tower is dated 1889 (Dupre 2001:16). The measurement of the height is 968 ft, or 300 m. (Dupre 2001:16). This structure was at the time the tallest in the world. Eiffel created a true masterpiece. The Johnson Wax Administration Building and Research Tower was created for the Johnson and Son Corporation by Frank Lloyd Wright. Part of the building was finished in 1939, but construction continued until 1955 (Lipman 2003:111). This building only cost $750,000, which gave Wright a commission of $50,000 (Lipman 2003:142). The new building had ascetic curves along with practical spaces. All of the new amenities like air conditioning, elevators, and other conveniences were created for this wax company. The work space was directly above the rest rooms, break rooms, and lockers connected by a spiral stair (Lipman 2003:183). This building was modern architecture at its best. JÃ ¸rn Oberg Utzon designed the Sydney Opera House. This achievement in surreal architecture has given Utzon a placed on the world monument list. The wooden ceiling is suspended from the roof (Giedion 1967:680). Utzon used new surreal concepts and made them a reality. This created a building suitable for opera. The shells that are used on the Sydney Opera House allowed Utzon to come up with a unique structure. Although many of the spaces in the Sydney House are not functional, the building has been considered a masterpiece. These three structures are all famous. The Johnson Wax

Answer the questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Answer the questions - Essay Example Operations managers make use of appropriate operations strategies to deal with the overall business strategy designed by the top management of a company. â€Å"Operational strategy begins with defining your business in terms of the present opportunity in relation to the customer and product of the business† (Wasmund 2006). The management of operational activities, which accepts inputs in order to delivers usable outputs, is called operations management (Sankaranrayanan 2011). Operations management incorporates the use of both operational efficiency and operational strategy to manage the business operations. Operational efficiency is related to the completion of tasks in an appropriate manner whereas operational strategy is the set of plans, which are developed to achieve competitive advantage in the market. A key point regarding operations strategy is that it is developed after development of the business strategy to establish a right path, which includes a sequence of decisio ns that makes a business achieve all goals and objectives effectively and efficiently. The operational activities included in the operations strategy play role of the competitive weapons, which can be used to achieve competitive advantage in the market. ... Workplace analysis refers to the evaluation of business operations and the physical environment of a workplace. Managers can analyze the workplace by identifying all sorts of risks and hazards associated with the overall workplace environment of a company. Workplace analysis provide many benefits to a company, such as, prevention of workplace accidents and employee injuries, identification of risks and steps for the elimination of those risks, creation of a safe workplace environment, and installation of safety mechanisms in the workplace. Workplace analysis is a step-based procedure, which involves four different stages. In the first stage, the management reviews the previous injury and hazard records related to the workplace. The review makes the management know the basic aspects of the workplace related accidents, which include nature of the injuries, workplace equipment, and the time at which the accidents took place. Next step is to use the reviews to identify all possible hazar ds and risks. After identification of hazards, the management evaluates the workplace equipment, employee behaviors, and workstations to know the causes of the accidents. In the last step, the management identifies all possible ways to eliminate, contain, or reduce the occurrence of workplace hazards. Devil is in the detail refers to the concept of identifying hidden elements which can cause some specific incident. â€Å"In one sense, one might say â€Å"the devil's in the details† to refer to very small but ultimately important components of a larger task† (Smith 2011). This phrase is used to explain small details of a large incident. In workplace settings, this concept is used to identify the reasons behind any specific workplace incident. Explain How Demands

Urrent recessionary situation in the UK economy Essay

Urrent recessionary situation in the UK economy - Essay Example The most common among these are the Consumer price index and the retail price index. The simplest way to understand the mechanism behind changes to inflation is through Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply dynamics. Given the economy is in macroeconomic equilibrium, if there is a positive shock to demand, i.e., aggregate demand shifts up, the price level rises. This is known as demand pull inflation. This type of inflation is observed particularly during periods of economic expansion. This is shown in figure 1 below. Figure 1: Demand-pull inflation In the diagram, SRAD represents the short run dynamics of demand; it shows how changes to aggregate demand are related to changes in the price level or inflation. Similarly, SRAS represents the short run dynamics of aggregate supply. Because of an expansionary shock to short run aggregate demand (SRAD), inflation increases from Is to Id. Again, even if short run demand remains unchanged, inflation can increase due to supply side shocks. In the diagram, SRAD represents the short run dynamics of demand; it shows how changes to aggregate demand are related to changes in the price level or inflation. Similarly, SRAS represents the short run dynamics of aggregate supply. Because of an expansionary shock to short run aggregate demand (SRAD), inflation increases from Is to Id. Again, even if short run demand remains unchanged, inflation can increase due to supply side shocks. For instance if there are bottlenecks in the supply chain which leads to contraction of supply, the short run aggregate supply curve shifts up to the left. This leads to an increase in inflation as well. This is known as cost push inflation since this happens due to sudden increases in production costs. Well known examples of such inflation generating cost rises over the years have been oil price shocks, labor market strikes etc. This mechanism is illustrated in figure 2 below. In Figure 2: Cost push inflation In the graph above, the SRAS curve is hit by a temporary shock resulting from increases in costs. The resulting movement to the left and up leads to a rise in the inflation rate from Is to Ir. It should b e noted that all factors that influence demand and supply mechanics can therefore influence inflation rates. Particular note should be taken of inflation expectations. If inflation is expected to rise in future, people start buying immediately and such behavior leads to the prices being pushed up. This is a simple instance of how inflation expectations constitute self fulfilling prophecies. Being armed with an understanding of the basic mechanics of inflation, we now turn to the actual observed situation in the UK economy. The UK economy is undergoing a substantially adverse situation. Although the Bank of England sets 2% as inflation target, the annual percentage change in Consumer Prince Index reached a 2 year high of 5.2% in January 2011. Although it has come down since then to around 4.2% in recent months, it still is considerably higher compared to the declared target of the Bank of England (BBC, 2011). What makes this situation precarious is that this inflation has occurred at a time when the economy was already reeling from a strong recessionary pressure. The global economic crisis and the ensuing recessionary pressures had seem the inflation rate hit a low of almost 1% in 2009. The recession has led to significant stress on the economy and caused losses of employment. In all other advanced economies, the recession has been associated with a disinflation, if not a deflation. In the UK economy however the inflation rate has climbed up substantially to hit the aforementioned highs (Dwyer et al., 2010). There are alternative viewpoints to explain this phenomenon, and we turn to these various explanations in the rest of this article. Figure 3: Inflation in UK, ONS data Figure 1 traces the quarterly movements of

Campbell Soup Company

Campbell Soup Company Campbell Soup Company (Campbell or the company), together with its consolidated subsidiaries, is a global manufacturer and marketer of high-quality, branded convenience food products. Campbell was incorporated as a business corporation under the laws of New Jersey on November 23, 1922; however, through predecessor organizations, it traces its heritage in the food business back to 1869. The companys principal executive offices are in Camden, New Jersey 08103-1799.Kimball is a brand or a product line of sauces that was established in Malaysia in the year 1970s under Campbells company, Kimball is a well-known brand in Malaysian homes. Unprecedented inflation and difficult economic climate world wide have created the most challenging cost environment since Kimball established. All Kimball sauces are specially prepared with a smooth, thick richness that is naturally tasty not too sweet, sour or vinegary. Kimball Sauces are available in Chili Sauce, Tomato Ketchup, Oyster Sauce and Thai C hili Sauce. Current Marketing Situation:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In fiscal 2008, inflation, on average has been significantly higher than previous years. Therefore Kimball is facing a decline in terms on production, this was due to the decreasing demand for Kimball brand sauces, the main company does not stimulate awareness towards existing and new customers by doing advertisements like commercials and etc. Some changes in commodity prices, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates also affect the decline of the demand for Kimball sauces. Therefore our main objective is to make our products more broadly available in existing and new markets by targeting to boost our sales up to 20% in 3 years time. Situation Analysis: INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT MISSION STATEMENT To win in both the marketplace and the workplace with integrity as the country most extraordinary food company.In order to win the marketplace,we should boost our Kimball product sales,here our company will stress on re-packaging the product,that is Kimball chilli sauce. OBJECTIVE Make our products more broadly available in existing markets, and to boost our sales of Kimball sauce by 20% in 3 years time. We also determine to create awareness of customers about Kimball in Malaysia. EXISTING CUSTOMER In most of the Kimball markets, sales activities are conducted by the companys own sales force distributor arrangements. In Malaysia, the companys products are generally resold to consumers in retail food chains, discounters, merchandisers, supermarket, convenience stores, hypermarket and others similar retail stores. Households, Teenagers also loves to eat food with dipping in Kimball sauce. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE HARVEY GOLUB Chairman of Campbell Soup Company, Retired Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of American Express Company(BOARD OF DIRECTORS) DOUGLAS R. CONANT President and Chief Executive OfficerDOUGLAS R. CONANT President and Chief Executive Officer of Campbell Soup Company 3 JERRY S. BUCKLEY Senior Vice President Public Affairs GEORGE DOWDIE Senior Vice President Global Research Development and Quality EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT COMPETATIVE ENVIRONMENT Kimball brands experience various competence from others sauces brand such as Maggie, Life, Nyoya, Yeos.These competitors account a higher market share compare to Kimball,Maggies own 41% market share,Life sauces owned 24%,Nyoya owned 9% whereas Kimball owns 22% market share .These potential competitors would be a threat to Kimball,they are ahead of Kimball interms of promotional strategies and creating awareness for their products. FESTIVE SEASONALITY Demand for the companys products is somewhat festive seasonal, with Chinese New Year, Hari Raya,Gawai festive,X-mas usually accounting for the highest sales volume due primarily to demand for the sauce products.The production of the sauces is rising within this seasons. POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT All products of Kimball must be Halal, hence the products must be approved by the JAKIM. The labelling must include ingredient and nutrition information of the product. As long as the business procedure of Kimball products are subjected to the Malaysian government laws it will not effect the production of Kimball sauces. SOCIOCULTURAL ENVIRONMENT Our research shown that more than 80% of Malaysians likes to eat their food with sauce, and so sauces are favourable among Malaysians.Mostly the consumers would experience great food tasting and satisfied by eating food such as fried chicken,hotdogs and etc with chilli sauce. SWOT ANALYSIS: STRENGTH Kimball brands consistantly produces high quality, great tasting sauces,the ingridients use is choose based on quality, e.g they choose the best quality of chilli to produce the Kimball chilli sauce. Kimball brands also uses strict production guidelines to ensure fine quality for the sauces products. Kimball achieve International standards(ISO 9000) which is approved world wide n trusted to produce standard sauce that follows the strict guidelines of ISO. Kimball sauce is mainly cheaper than other brands, tastier than other brands, This will be an advantage for Kimball to boost their sales in the recent market as the price of Kimball sauce is affordable and cheap compare to the other brands such as magggie, nyonya, life etc. WEAKNESSES Kimball looses credit compare to other sauce brands is due to lack of advertisements to create awareness among customers in the recent market which other competitors are always creating new advertisements to instill awareness of their product.Kimball also hasSlow growth and low market share compared to the competitors,this was concluded from the questionnaire data. Another factor that is too many product line produce by its main company Campbells ,such as Chunky meatballs,supper bakes meal kits,tomato juice etc that makes the company of its own emphasis less to Kimball sauce.Recently Kimball sauce is also facing a decline stage whereby the profit from sales is less than previous years. OPPORTUNITIES A growing interest among teenagers to eat most of their food with sauce and trends that over 95% people likes to eat food with sauce.Continuing consumer interest in low price but at the same time has the quality taste that meets the satisfaction of customers. THREATS The potential for the large financial resources competitors who can invest more in promotion and advertising will have a threat towards Kimball sauce.Economic downturn or inflation that might affect sales, poor economic condition might affect the demand for Kimball sauce.Constant increase of crude oil price, rising production cost may affect the production of sauces.Main competitor like Maggie, Life, Nyoya offers great range of sauce products with a competitive price and promotional strategies. Marketing Objectives To increase 20% of Kimball market share, from current 22% to 42% in 3 year times. To create awareness among public toward Kimball Sauce Product. Current Market Share of Kimball Sauce Marketing Strategies Target Market and Positioning the Product Target Market:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consumer Marketing: Kimball will continue to target its existing consumer market. The primary consumer target market for Kimball can described as follows: Demographics: Male and female in all ages Especially housewife Media Habit:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The target market usually get their news from television, newspaper, billboards, and radio. Organizational Markets:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the past, Kimball has targeted the market in supermarket and pasar raya. To increase its distribution and sales of its products, Kimball will target the following in the future: Hypermarket in Malaysia Supermarket in Malaysia Cold storage in Malaysia Restaurant Fast-food outlet The hypermarket within Malaysia such as Boulevard, Ta Kiong, and Tesco. These hypermarkets contribution a lot to market share of Kimball sauce   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fast food outlet in Malaysia such as KFC, Mc.Donald, Sugarbun, and Marrybrown use to be a very important target market to increase our sales. These fast food outlet sell burger, fried chicken, and French fried, these food will taste better when eat with sauce. The fast food outlet will tend to use Kimball sauce as the sauce that provide to the consumers. Positioning the Product:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kimball offers the highest quality sauce with good taste and variety of choices to satisfying all type characteristics of consumer. Its make from fresh chili and no preservative added. Kimball has developed its product, packaging, pricing and promotion to communicate an excellent and convenience ways to have delicious of chili sauce. This positioning is thus supported by all its marketing strategies. Product Strategies Product Strategies for Kimball sauce existing product.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Currently, Kimball has 7 lines of existing products, emphasis on chili sauce. Those type of packaging still quite complicated and not so convenience for consumer to use. Kimball also got other type of product beside chili sauce. Product Strategy of Kimball New Product To broaden its coverage in the market and to meet its sales objectives, Kimball has to introduce an additional new product packaging. A new product packaging will be introduce:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kimball Gorgeous/Dignity: This product will be different from existing products in term of packaging differences. This new sauce bottle packaging design to be look gorgeous and dignity which different with all of the existing sauce bottle. Beside that, we also create another packaging: New Kimball Squeeze Convenience which enable consumer to use it easily. The New Kimball Squeeze Convenience consists of both top and bottom flat surface.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Kimball Gorgeous/Dignity use to attract consumer in modern lifestyle. Consumers today prefer something look gorgeous and high class than something that look normal to them. The New Kimball Squeeze Convenience easy to squeeze and both flat surface enable consumer easy to put. Pricing strategy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pricing is the moment of truth-all of marketing comes to focus in the pricing decision from Raymond corey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pricing strategy is very important in all market. This is because pricing strategy determines the future of the business and also to attain the objective company, whether the price we set will attract customers or not. Beside that the price we set should affordable and acceptable to the customer so the customer can afford buy our brand product. For example company sauce Maggie set the price around Rm2.40 for their sauce so to encourage people buy the Kimball product the price we should set must affordable and acceptable to the customer for example Rm 2.30 to our Kimball sauce. Before we set a price for product, we have to know what customers reaction to our products price. Is it worth to pay this sum to purchase this product or not? Beside that, customer value perception such as business to customer which is mention that the product value should low price, high quality however, business to business mention that value should increase revenues, decrease costs and decrease risks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Due to our research to Kimball sauce, so many people think that Kimball sauce is a same taste with another sauce such as life, nyoya, Maggie and another brand so nowadays probably people prefer buy the sauce without choosing the brand it is because in they mind all sauce is same so no need to think too much to make a decision beside that, some consumer also think that Kimball sauce offer high price to their product. From the research have we done. The statistic of Kimball sauce and another brand sauce mention that, the price of value packs of one bottle sauce almost the same price compare to another brand sauce this is a type of pricing strategy which will give customer impression error when they choose the sauce.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kimball sauce should come out with a series of value packs, Which is the price should reasonable and attractive for example the price we should set is around Rm 2.10 to Rm 2.30 in all market so the people will feel more likely to consume it, It is because the price are not too higher so that everyone can buy it so Kimball sauce can increase their sales and gain reasonable profit. Promotion Strategies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kimball will use mainly advertising and sales promotion to promote its products to the public. Billboards will be created and put at the roadside to create awareness among public towards Kimball sauces product. A television program Cook With Top Chef will be taken. In this program, Kimball sauce will be use to cook and as a seasoning. Therefore, in order to help our new and existing product to success in the marketing objectives, additional promotional activities are introduced. These include the following: Television and Radio Television as a media is also a main role in helping businesses to grow. Everyday we see hundreds of advertisements shown on television. This is because advertising there is really helpful in getting the customer to be aware of new or existing products in the market. Radio advertisements is also proven to be effective where they use local celebrities to promote their product via voice. That is why we kept on hearing repetitive jingles and slogans on air. Plus, advertising on radio is far more cost saving rather than to advertise on television. Kimball advertisements will be shown on air in one year time. Sponsorship. Kimball will attempt to sponsor in several activities which are being held in cities. The advantage of sponsorships is that they provide visibility for the product while at the same time showing that the company supports activities of interest to the target market. Gift certificates and hampers are given to winners and participants of the activities. Sponsorship can also create brand awareness among the public while getting free publicity in the newspaper. Billboards Billboards are also one of the common method used by marketers to market their product. Normally billboards are found at bridges or near the roadsides so that consumers can easily spot it and aware of what are the message that is trying to be sent from those billboards. Nowadays marketers use a lot of funny ads to add more commercial value to their advertisement. This is to make sure that potential buyers can remember the product that is being advertised. Bus advertisements This method of advertising is one of the oldest method used to promote products. Since buses go round and round the city every day, with a catchy slogan or pictures, potential buyers can easily be attracted to it and buy the advertised product. Contest and voucher coupons Contest and voucher coupons are normally used by marketers to attract customers to participate and get to the product better. Normally, questions asked in the contests are mainly about the advertised products. Voucher coupons is another powerful mean of advertising whereby the act of giving out discount coupons is actually encouraging customer to buy the product because it is likely to be cheaper than other rival products. Sampling. By giving samples of Kimball products at selected venues, it will provide an opportunity for prospective customers to become aware of the product and taste the product. Fried Nugget and eat with Kimball chili sauce or tomato sauce is given to consumer to taste on it. Example of venues: Supermarket/ Hypermarket. Activities held in pasar raya. Activities held in education institutions. Premium. Free gifts such as containers. With every purchase of 2 bottle of Kimball Gorgeous/Dignity will free one container. With every purchase of 2 bottles Kimball Squeeze will free one luxury container. Promotion pack. With every purchase of Kimball Gorgeous/Dignity will be free one small bottle 30gram of Kimball sauce. Supply Chain Strategy Beside, increasing market share through promotional strategies, distribution also play an important role in develop marketing strategies, which is supply chain strategies. Kimball would distribute their sauces through distribution channels. Distribution channels perform a number of functions that make possible the flow of Kimball sauces from the producer to the customer. Kimball will still remain its distribution channel strategy. Distribution channels include distributor (who sells to retailers), retailers (who sells to end consumer), advertisement used for consumption goods. The flow of Kimball sauces is from their producer or manufacturer to four or five distributors or wholesalers. These distributors then sell to many retailers such as hypermarket, supermarket, grocery store, and fast-food restaurant. The retailers in turn each sell the sauces to up to thousands of customers.

education and philosophies :: essays research papers

In light of this course, I would say that my philosophy of education has changed. My first paper, in retrospect, reads almost like a fantasy of what teaching should be like. I think in this aspect I have matured enough to realize that everything in this profession is not "Disney" material. There are going to be students who do not follow directions, and worse who don't care about succeeding at all. I would feel responsible for these children if I thought that there was a chance to help them. Unfortunately, there are some children that will never buy into schooling and education in general. I do, however, still believe that I can positively impact that type of child in the area of life, or even "street knowledge." I am not saying that I will be able to relate to all walks of life in the classroom. That would be an overstatement. I do believe that I possess the common sense and approachability to be a "stop" on a child's problem solving route. My first paper focused more on personal feelings and avoid ed issues that were raised in this class. After taking part in discussions, I began to focus more on the system and the political atmosphere of education, ranging from diversity in the classroom to violence in schools in general. I think that due to the Federal Government being in control of school funds, some carpet decisions favor some schools while other schools are left hurting. I believe that these decisions should be put in the hands of the parents and school board, for parents should be allowed to pick and choose what their children are learning. I know that when my child attends school I will thoroughly investigate the curriculum and take any means necessary to avoid liberal nonsense in the classroom. education and philosophies :: essays research papers In light of this course, I would say that my philosophy of education has changed. My first paper, in retrospect, reads almost like a fantasy of what teaching should be like. I think in this aspect I have matured enough to realize that everything in this profession is not "Disney" material. There are going to be students who do not follow directions, and worse who don't care about succeeding at all. I would feel responsible for these children if I thought that there was a chance to help them. Unfortunately, there are some children that will never buy into schooling and education in general. I do, however, still believe that I can positively impact that type of child in the area of life, or even "street knowledge." I am not saying that I will be able to relate to all walks of life in the classroom. That would be an overstatement. I do believe that I possess the common sense and approachability to be a "stop" on a child's problem solving route. My first paper focused more on personal feelings and avoid ed issues that were raised in this class. After taking part in discussions, I began to focus more on the system and the political atmosphere of education, ranging from diversity in the classroom to violence in schools in general. I think that due to the Federal Government being in control of school funds, some carpet decisions favor some schools while other schools are left hurting. I believe that these decisions should be put in the hands of the parents and school board, for parents should be allowed to pick and choose what their children are learning. I know that when my child attends school I will thoroughly investigate the curriculum and take any means necessary to avoid liberal nonsense in the classroom.

Aids in Africa Essay 14

Nicole Nickerson African Politics 11/18/2009 Aids in Africa AIDS is an unfortunate and deadly disease that affects the body which is caused by HIV. The body will try to fight off the disease but as time goes on the body will start to shut down will not be able to fight off things such as bacteria and viruses. Over 58 million people have been infected by this disease and over 22 million have died from AIDS. The epidemic spreads each and everyday, the death toll of this epidemic can not be foreseen until there is a full wave form that is seen. Africa is one of the most known continents for the AIDS epidemic. It has affected most of the countries since the late 70’s early 80’s. The WHO estimates that 12 million HIV-positive Africans are merely the tip of an iceberg; it also reports, however, that the epidemic has thus far produced only 331,000 cases of AIDS from 1981 to July 1994 (Geshekter, 5). According to the WHO estimate this shows that the 99. 95 percent of the people in Africa do not have AIDS, but 97 percent of those who have HIV were not yet proven to have developed AIDS. During the initial stages of the epidemic in the 1980s, the disease was concentrated in the so-called AIDS belt in Central Africa which encompassed the then Zaire, Kenya, Zambia, and Uganda (Agyei-Mensah, 442). In the 1990s, the disease began to spread southward to include Botswana, Malawi, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, and westward to Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Togo, Liberia, and Ghana (Agyei-Mensah, 442). It is now 2009 and there are countries that may not exist anymore due to the AIDS epidemic. AIDS in Africa has been one of the biggest issues facing African politics since the early 90s. Numerous studies into the AIDS epidemic in Africa have been conducted by Western medical and governmental organizations, as well as African medical and governmental organizations. The inherent difficulties facing the problem of Aids in Africa include unstable or ineffective African governments, poor or non-existent economies that are further hampered by the effects of aids, and cultural differences that create bias both in the reporting of the number of cases of aids and he symptomatic presentation of HIV/AIDS cases. These problems make it very difficult to combat a disease that has taken the lives of many millions of people. South Africa has a stable government but their policies on AIDS have been ineffective. In 1994 the country was criticized for prevarication and confusion on the policies that they set forth to help AIDS patience’s. The government was being blamed for misjudgment , inadequate analysis, and bureaucratic failure. The country had set up two different prescription policies to fight AIDS which were mobilization/biomedical and nationalist/ameliorative paradigm. Mobilization/biomedical would emphasized society-wide mobilization, political will, and anti-retroviral treatment, while the nationalist/ameliorative focused on poverty, individual responsibility, palliative care, traditional medicine, and appropriate care (Butler, 592). There were problems with both paradigms because of they were underpinned by different assumptions that the government needed to respond to appropriately. The AIDS policy of 1994-2004 in South Africa was brought forth by the African National Congress, the ANC-aligned United Democratic Front and the National Party government’s ministry of health to bring together a policy to fight AIDS. At the end of 1993 there were over 2,000 cases of AIDS and 500,000 people with HIV; the government had predicted that by 2000 there would be four to seven million cases of HIV with about 60 percent of death rates due to AIDS (Butler, 593). The policy was endorsed by the incoming minister Dr. Nkosazana Dlamini- Zuma who was insufficiently informed by the institutional and social realities of South Africa (Butler, 593). The policy was overestimated just as all other policies were during this time of the economy and of human resources of an incoming government. The competing claims on resources in poor provinces demanded administrative reconfiguration and had undermined implications (Butler, 593). The tenure of Dr. Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma had plagued the finical of the non-government sector and health profession. There were many scandals and corruption while trying to run this policy to help AIDS victims. In 1997 the president in waiting Thabo Mbeki promised a new outlook on this pandemic by having greater public awareness and new institutional mechanisms to address the challenges of AIDS. Mbeki had put forth new institutions to teach life skills, condom promotion, and a renewed communication strategy but these places were still unstaffed to help show the people how to stay protected. The new treatments were resisted and the government was avoiding funding AVR therapies. South Africa had policies in affect to try and fight the AIDS epidemic such as the two paradigms of mobilization/biomedical and nationalist/ameliorative. This has caused a shift in alliances and schools of thought. There were many supporters of the mobilization/ biomedical paradigm because it would prevent the transfer of HIV from mother to child and to prevent exposure to prophylaxis for rape victims and health professionals. The supporters were later at the forefront of demands for an upscale ARV treatment program. The ameliorative paradigm was missing the ARV entirely and critics argued that it did not respect the biomedical science. Mbeki had advanced the ameliorative paradigm in 1999 and he failed. The critics criticized Mbeki for failing to mobilize resources, humans and financial, behind the government response (Butler, 597). Mbeki was criticized for silences more than his words and the attributions of irrational and denials of them. The critics believe that with the delay of ARV treatment this results in denialism. Though the government of South Africa has tried to put out policies to prevent and fight the AIDS epidemic they have failed in many ways. The leaders of South Africa have put forth policies that they believed would work for its country, but they can not celebrate or say they are winning the war on this pandemic. The government was unable to muster human resources for a universal ARV program due to political and economic defects which has delayed teaching people how to protect themselves from AIDS across the nation. Zimbabwe on the other hand is not stable when it comes to government and has been ineffective on the AIDS pandemic. There are many organizations that can help fight this epidemic but in Zimbabwe due to its wars with itself, it has yet taken any action to put up a fight against this disease. This is the worst hit country on the continent of Africa. This country fights amongst itself with coups and tribal wars. Instead of the country coming together as one to fight the war on AIDS they rather fight against each other. According to one article it states that the Zimbabwean government had swept this disease under the carpet instead of putting out policies to fight it. President Mugabe publicly acknowledged the national epidemic for the first time in April 1999, when more than 1,200 Zimbabweans were dying each week from the disease (Boone & Batsell, 10). President Mugabe, although he will occasionally wear an AIDS ribbon, has never taken the sort of leadership stance (Boone & Batsell, 10). In April 1999 AIDS victims were dying 1,200 in a week stance; this goes to show that Mugabe did not take responsibility for his country and make policies to save and protect his people from this disease. The people of Zimbabwe can not speak out against there leader because if they do it would cause war and chaos. The country is already in chaos not only because of loss of life due to AIDS but because of economic and tribal wars. The leaders of Zimbabwe are not making a fuss about AIDS like most other countries in Africa they are keeping it quite it makes the country seem suspicious. In the case of AIDS NGOs in Zimbabwe, limited political capacity may be due to their origin and mandates (such as providing basic services to highly localized clienteles), funding governmental, church-based, or external sources, or the absence of any organizational hold on or claim to represent their clients and constituents (Boone & Batsell, 16). The country of Zimbabwe is centralized and ruled by one person, Mugabe is not putting up a fight to control the AIDS epidemic in his country and other countries see this. There are organizations that are willing to help but Mugabe refuses to get help from them such as the NGO. The country will soon have no lives left in it if the leader refuses to put out policies to protect its people from AIDS. Though Zimbabwe and South Africa have been ineffective in the fight on AIDS at least they have put an effort into trying to help its people, where as in he country of Somalia the government is non existent and there are no policies set forth for this country to control AIDS. The country has faced civil war for over 10 years so it is very hard to fight a war on a disease when the country is fighting against one another. The government can not make policies for a disease when they are worried about war with in the country. The government of Somalia has done more harm to its citizens then it ha s done good, so overall the people of Somalia are not going to trust its government to make policies that are going to benefit their well being. The people would rather go to a different country and try and survive by other policies than depend on the government to protect them and teach them about the AIDS epidemic. The country of Somalia is failing due to its own economic and warfare problems. The only way this country will have a population in years to come is if another country steps in and takes control to not only help with the AIDS problem but also stop the civil war that has gone on for over 10 years. Uganda is one country that has refused to back down on fight the AIDS epidemic. AIDS prevention and education programs have lowered the HIV infection rate (Boone & Batsell, 9). Uganda where AIDS has been curbed most dramatically, the infection rate estimated to be near thirty percent in 1991 is now estimated at around twelve percent (Boone & Batsell, 9). In June 2000, UNAIDS Director Peter Piot called for U. S. $2 billion to provide for more Uganda-style prevention and awareness campaigns in Africa (Boone & Batsell, 9). This shows that even a country with poverty and economic problems can succeed in fighting AIDS if the policies are enforced. Some critics do not understand that Uganda is fighting AIDS and other countries such as Zimbabwe and South Africa are having such a hard time control the AIDS epidemic. The reason Uganda is doing so well is because President Yoweri Museveni adopted a nationwide plan to combat AIDS in the mid-1980s, when Uganda was facing the most staggering increase of AIDS cases of any country in the world (Boone & Batsell, 9). The most distinguishing feature of Uganda's AIDS program, a characteristic which has yet to be matched by any other African country, is sustained political commitment at the highest levels-even the health minister took to the streets to distribute condoms (Boone & Batsell, 9). The President stood behind his country by taking charge and turning a horrible disease into something to learn about and protect his people from. He did not just sweep it under the carpet like the leader of Zimbabwe. As the years go on Africa’s economy gets worse by the days due to AIDS. The two major effects on the economy due to AIDS is reduction in labor supplies and increased cost. The loss of adults at their most productive years will affect over economic out put and if AIDS is more prevalent among the economic elite, then the impact could be worse then the number of deaths caused by AIDS (Bollinger & Stover, 3). The cost of AIDS will affect the people of these countries due to lost time from illness, care for orphans, and costs for the company to have to find more workers. Then there is fact of having little money and having to cut into savings which reduces investment and could lead to significant reduction in economic growth. The economic effects of AIDS will be felt first by individuals and their families, then ripple outwards to firms and businesses and the macro-economy (Bollinger & Stover, 4). The economic impact of AIDS on house holds will cause extreme damage. The member of the family who gets sick and is the main provider for the family will lose income. The medical bills will begin to dwindle in more and more causing debt putting the household into more carnage. Mother or daughters will begin to miss work and school to take care of the ill person, which also cause less of an income into the family. Death results in permanent loss of income, funeral cost as well as removal of children from schooling to save on experience which in the long run causes loss of future expansion. There is a backlog for those children who are orphans and are suffering from AIDS. The planning process for the government in providing this housing is made more complicated, and thus more lengthy, through the impact of HIV/AIDS (Bollinger & Stover, 5). Although fewer units will probably be needed because of AIDS deaths, the structure of households may change, making planning more difficult: households may become headed by children; households may be even poorer than before and so unable to pay for even the most basic services; and the number of people per household may decrease (Bollinger & Stover, 5). AIDS does not just impact households it will over time impact agriculture, firms, and other economic sectors such as health, transport, mining, education, and water. The macroeconomic impact on AIDS is the most difficult assess. Most studies have found that estimates of the macroeconomic impacts are sensitive to assumptions about how AIDS affects savings and investment rates and whether AIDS affects the best-educated employees more than others. Few studies have been able to incorporate the impacts at the household and firm level in macroeconomic projections (Bollinger & Stover, 11). According to Bollinger and Stover a recent set of projections of the macroeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa estimated that under the high impact scenario, the population size would be 22% smaller in 2010 than it would have been without AIDS. Without AIDS, the model predicts that the population would be about 59 million people in 2010, while under the high impact scenario; the population would be only 46 million people. The same model predicts that life expectancy will decrease by 45 percent under the high impact scenario, from 62 years without the impact of AIDS to 34 years under the high impact scenario. There are things that can be done to control AIDS and help the economy of Africa from being destroyed completely. A few examples are mitigating affects of AIDS on poverty, making programs to address specific problems, and preventing new infections (Bollinger & Stover, 15). The government not only has to deal with the policy making to fight AIDS and deal with the different economic struggles that it faces because of AIDS but it also has to deal with the different cultural issues that makes it difficult for the government to use its sources to combat the problem. For example in the country of Rwanda there is a cultural difference between the Hutu and Tutsi. These two civilizations dislike each other due to governmental issues and due to the genocides of one another in past years. It makes it hard for countries like this to be able to come up with a policy that is going to work for everyone when they are fighting one another. Then there are some cultures that refuse to use condoms which does not make it easy to protect people from developing AIDS if they have more then one partner. A country has to have the ability to control its people and educate them on this disease because if not then those countries will end up having no population or may not exist any more. Then there is the case where some cultures people will not take medicine that is not natural. An example of that is priest or clergymen claiming that there is a miracle cure for AIDS but in some countries commercials of the sort have been banned from being played. For many people living with HIV/AIDS, their faith also extends to the skills of traditional doctors and herbalists, while for others their religious faith overlaps with non-Christian or non- Muslim belief in traditional cosmology and the spirit world as expressed through witchdoctors (Love, 645). In one sense, the strength and pervasiveness of these institutions may be regarded as a response to exclusion from Western scientific bio-medical treatments: an exclusion determined by political and economic structures often with global tentacles as outlined above, but in another, they also reflect the depth and institutional complexity of ‘traditional' societies in their negotiation with externally introduced change (Love, 645). This is more then likely very frustrating to the government if they spend all this money to make policies for people to not take the medicine to help ease their pain but instead take natural substances to believe they are being cured when they are being hoaxed. Africa has a long way to go for its countries to over come this epidemic. There are many problems within these countries that need to be taken care of if they are going to succeed in making policies that will teach and protect its populations. The countries of South Africa and Zimbabwe are well known for there failing policies to fight AIDS. South Africa is better off then Zimbabwe because it actually tries to make policies to help its people where as Zimbabwe would rather sweep it away and pretend that it is not a problem. It seems that Somalia may be lost cause when it comes to making policy on AIDS. This country has more problems dealing with is civil war then dealing with the deaths of millions of people due to AIDS. The only way this country would be able to survey or have some type of population in the future is if another country came in and took over the government or organization that is willing to h stop the war and focuses more on the problems of its economy and health problems. Uganda is the one country that some critics don’t understand how it is doing so well on policy making for the AIDS epidemic. Uganda has kept HIV infection rates in check through aggressive, state-initiated public education campaigns. The governments that have generally dealt openly with the AIDS challenge Uganda have tried (albeit with uneven commitment and success) to cultivate broad legitimacy by encouraging some grassroots participation in the political process (Boone & Batsell, 18). Organizations have tried to use Uganda along with other countries as an example for countries like South Africa and Zimbabwe which are having a rough time with control AIDS. AIDS has taken a toll on economic stability in all countries in Africa. The more AIDS cases that are known the more the countries become more poverty stricken. More children are left with out parents each and everyday due to AIDS, this also in time will live the child with out a home and living on the streets causing more poverty. The government can only provide so much for children, there are thousands of children who are orphans due to AIDS and the government can no support all of them. Political leaders need to learn from countries like Uganda so their economy will not deteriorate more then what it already has. The cultural outlook on AIDS is a very difficult one for the government of countries to deal with. If the country spends money on policies that people are not going to recognize or live by then the country will fail and over time there will be no life. It is understandable that certain people live by their tribal cultures but if it means life over death then they should succumb to what the government is doing to save lives. Millions of dollars are spend each year to find a cure to AIDS, but if these people live by their cultures way and do not believe in western science then they will fall causing the end of their tribe and culture. There have been numerous studies into the AIDS epidemic in Africa have been conducted by Western medical and governmental organizations, as well as African medical and governmental organizations. The inherent difficulties facing the problem of Aids in Africa include unstable or ineffective African governments, poor or non-existent economies that are further hampered by the effects of aids, and cultural differences that create bias both in the reporting of the number of cases of aids and the symptomatic presentation of HIV/Aids cases. These problems make it very difficult to combat a disease that has taken the lives of many millions of people. Based on the facts in this paper if the countries of Africa do not form good policies or come together as one unit then not only will the countries loss lives the whole continent will become a blur. Work Cited Agyei-Mensah, Samuel, ‘Twelve Years of HIV/ AIDS in Ghana: Puzzles of Interpretation’ Canadian Journal of African Studies 35. 3. (2001) pp. 441-72. Bollinger, Lori & Stover, John. ‘The Economic Impact of AIDS in South Africa’ 999. pp. 1-16. Boone, Catherine & Batsell, Jake, ‘Politics and AIDS in Africa: Research Agendas in Political Science and International Relations’ Africa Today 48. 2. (2001). pp. 3-33 Butler, Anthony, ‘South Africa’s HIV/AIDS Policy, 1994-2004: How Can it be Explained? ’ African Affairs 104, (2005). pp 591-614. Geshekter, Charles, ‘Outbreak? AIDS, Africa, and the Medicalization of Pov erty’ Tradition 67. (1995) pp. 4-14. Love, Roy, ‘HIV/AIDS in Africa: Links, Livelihoods & Legacies’ Review of African Political Economy 31. 102. (2004). pp. 639-48

Rainbow Writing Lesson Plan for Kindergarten

Rainbow Writing Lesson Plan for Kindergarten Kindergartners have a lot of new skills to learn and practice.​​Â  Writing the alphabet and spelling words are two of the top tasks that require creativity and repetition in order for students to master. Thats where Rainbow Writing comes in. Its a fun, easy, and low-prep activity that can be done in class or assigned as homework. Heres how it works as well as how it can help your emergent writers. How Rainbow Writing Works First, you need to choose about 10-15 high-frequency sight words that are already familiar to your students.Next, make a handout on simple handwriting paper. Write each of your chosen words on the paper, one word per line. Write the letters as neatly and large as possible. Make copies of this handout.Alternatively, for older students who can already write and copy words: Write the list on your whiteboard and have the students write the words down (one per line) onto handwriting paper.To complete the Rainbow Words assignment, each student needs a piece of writing paper and 3-5 crayons (each of a different color). The student then writes over the original word in each of the crayon colors. Its similar to tracing but adds a colorful visual twist.For assessment, look for your students to mimic the original neat handwriting as closely as possible. Variations of Rainbow Writing There are a few variations of this activity. The one listed above is the most basic variation that is great for introducing words. A second variation (once students get used to tracing over a word with crayons), is for students to take a die and roll it to see how many colors they need to trace over the listed word. For example, if a child was to roll a five on the die, that would mean that they would have to choose five different colors to write over each word listed on their paper (ex. the word is and the child could use a blue, red, yellow, orange, and purple crayon to trace over the word). Another variation of the Rainbow Writing activity is for a student to choose three color crayons and write next to the listed word three times with three different colored crayons (there is no tracing in this method). This is a little bit more complex and is usually for students who have experience writing or are in an older grade. How Can it Help Emergent Writers? Rainbow Writing helps emergent writers because they are continually forming letters over and over again. Not only does it help them learn how to write but it also helps them learn how to spell the word correctly. If you have any students who are visual-spatial, kinesthetic or tactile learners then this activity is perfect for them.

Best Buy Case Study Essay Essay Example

Best Buy Case Study Essay Essay Example Best Buy Case Study Essay Essay Best Buy Case Study Essay Essay Best Buy is a transnational corporation with over 4. 000 locations countrywide. Circuit City was Best Buy’s merely chief competition for some old ages until it took over and ran Circuit City out of concern. Best Buy’s market portion increased after that nevertheless. other big retail merchants every bit good as e-tailers entered into the market. Amazon. Target. Wal-Mart and Apple became Best Buy’s new competition that caused a lessening in market gross revenues in 2010. They all had the same thing in common after the Circuit City prostration and that was to increase electronics. They all had their ain schemes to out-beat Best Buy. Although Best Buy acquired some more competition in a 2010 study consumers still said Best Buy is the first to come to mind when they think about purchasing electronics. However. even though Best Buy is the first that comes to mind against the other rivals. depending on what the merchandise is they will travel to Amazon to purchase it a lternatively. Due to their scheme which focuses on three countries ; customer-centricity. employment policies and sole stigmatization. they are maintaining up with the competition. Best Buy’s schemes may assist them a bulk of the clip but they could alter their schemes merely a small spot. They should seek what Wal-Mart does and monetary value lucifer ads with other shops so that manner they are still acquiring the net incomes and maintaining clients. In my sentiment. Best Buy could better their scheme when it comes to monetary values because they are on the higher terminal of monetary values. As a consumer myself. I do look at Best Buy foremost for my electronics but I normally go someplace else because the monetary values are normally cheaper. Other than their monetary values I really think their schemes are working out good for them and it shows in their rankings amongst other rivals. Consumer electronics is considered a mature industry because of the new tendencies. This industry hits record gross revenues during the vacation seasons but still says instead good throughout the twelvemonth every bit good. All companies associated with this industry attempt to maintain up so they make their ain merchandises. However. due to industries cannibalising their merchandises their merchandise life rhythm has decreased. Industries started making this to seek to maintain their consumers trueness. When monetary values start to fall for engineering merchandises this opens a bigger demographic ; nevertheless by clip the monetary values autumn for the merchandises they have come up with better merchandises. In order to recapture the growing of Best Buy they should seek to repair the monetary values to suit a bigger demographic. I think if they at least attempt to work with the consumers with the monetary values they would derive more clients. The job is the fact that consumers go elsewhere when they see the monetary values and do a monetary value lucifer. Amazon became popular with electronics because people found out that they could acquire electronics of all sorts online. Besides Amazon has an advantage over Best Buy because with Amazon there is free transporting on merchandises. good on most merchandises. I think if Best Buy tried to accommodate some of Amazon’s scheme they can out crush them in the electronics section. If they could be like Amazon and have a illimitable stock list online instead than merely hold their sum of handiness on the salesroom. If they did this I think they would see growing in their company. They pride their egos in holding the most well-thought-of name trade names in the consumer electronics industry so if they matched the monetary values with their pride in their trade names I see a definite growing in their company. With Best Buy being a well-known company and is the first that comes to mind when speaking about electr onics. if they had a bigger pick when it came to the merchandises than they might derive some more growing every bit good to travel along with their already loyal client base. At Best Buy. they offer a choice of energy-efficient merchandises. These merchandises were designed to assist their clients around the universe salvage some more money by utilizing less energy. I think with Best Buy going more sustainable they are more able to keep the involvement of the stakeholders. With these merchandises the stockholders play a large function in act uponing their overall sustainability scheme. The stakeholders help with patterning Best Buy’s one-year sustainability studies. So with them adding this scheme and leting the stakeholders to acquire the opportunity to hold a portion in the scheme they are deriving their involvement. Best Buy really takes the recommendations from their stakeholders and they try to pass on with them in attempts to maintain their involvement in their determination to integrate a sustainability scheme. I think this was a good move on their portion because it states they were unsure about Mr. Dunn’s five twelvemonth growing sc heme. The stakeholders were worried about Best Buy’s hard currency place and about if these schemes would work or non. Anytime when stakeholders have the chance to hold a so in a company is a good thing. In decision. I believe Best Buy is a great company but can go a better one if they were to make some alterations with their schemes. With the invariably altering economic system they need to accommodate their schemes to the alterations. I’m non stating they would hold to ever alter their schemes but I think they should ever seek their best to do their schemes fit the clients every bit good as aid the success of the company. With that being said I believe they will have even better consequences for the company every bit good as the consumers.

Introduction to the lab report on controlling barley powdery mildew Essay

Introduction to the lab report on controlling barley powdery mildew - Essay Example Cultural methods of control: Cultural methods of control of powdery mildew aim to ensure the eradication of inoculums from volunteer cereals and crop debris by disposing them and ensuring the removal of suitable conditions for disease development. Thus volunteer cereals which carry the inoculums through winter are uprooted and removed, and the cleistothecia inhabiting the crop residue too is eradicated by disposing off the crop residue. Other cultural practices used for control of powdery mildew in barley are application of larger quantities of nitrogen fertilizers, crop rotation and late sowing of the crop (Brooks, 1970). Chemical Control: Chemical agents used for control of powdery mildew in barley include azole fungicides and morpholine based fungicides. Systemic treatment of seed with azole fungicide was able to control the disease development on the saplings for a few weeks. Later if the disease appeared the same was applied on the leaves. However, with years of usage the E. gra minis has developed tolerance for this fungicide, thereby limiting their use and efficiency (Brown, 2002). Morpholine based fungicides are now used for chemical control of powdery mildew. ... The first pathway involves resistance imparted by recessive alleles at Mlo locus. It further requires two more host genes namely, Ror1 and Ror2 (Buschages et al., 1997). The resistance resulting as a consequence of this pathway is able to protect barley plant from all powdery mildew strains tested as yet. The other pathway involves collaborative action of multiple race specific resistance genes collectively known as R gene e.g. Mla, Mlg, Mlk etc (Jorgensen, 1994). Resistance imparted by the Mlo locus: Durable resistance The term durable resistance is indicative of the fact that resistance acquired by the plant is and will remain effective against all known and yet to appear varieties of the pathogen. This is the significance of the Mlo allele and the disease resistance imparted by it. Moreover the Mlo mutant allele renders the barley plant resistant exclusively to powdery mildew pathogen and has no effect on the activity of any other disease causing organism. Wild type Mlo allele enc odes a cell membrane receptor protein (Mlo protein) and is the dominant allele. It is the recessive and non functional allele which is responsible for powdery mildew resistance (Buschages et al., 1997). It has been reported that Mlo protein is imperative for the successful colonization of the pathogen in absence of which the fungal spores are unable to penetrate the epidermal cell layer of the host (Buschages et al., 1997). This is unlike the mechanism of resistance development by most resistant imparting genes, i.e. hypersensitivity (Shirasu and Schulze-Lefert, 2000). The first mutant at Mlo locus was introduced in 1942 the mutation caused by application of X-rays, and ever since improvements have been continuously done with

Comparing John Milton's character Satan in Paradise Lost to Dante's Research Paper

Comparing John Milton's character Satan in Paradise Lost to Dante's Lucifer, and how their portrayal of these characters differe - Research Paper Example This paper is a comparison of two characters: John Milton’s Satan and Dante Alighieri’s Lucifer. The thesis statement that carries this paper toward a direction is that: Milton’s Satan is an embodiment of power, heroism and leadership; while, Dante’s Lucifer is powerless, dull and uninteresting. Paradise Lost is one of the greatest masterpieces of John Milton’s, which has been studied, criticized, and evaluated in every period of time since it was written. The character of Satan has been evaluated in different regards, mainly claimed as being the most convoluted and dynamic character in literature. In Milton’s text, Satan is shown as possessing a sense of havoc, chaos, and wreck. The reader is never clear whom Milton is justifying as being innocent: Satan, or Adam and Eve. Flannagan (26) writes in his book that many romantic critics believe that Milton is unknowingly in the devil’s party, as he portrays Satan as the most powerful chara cter throughout the story, seducing us into following his leadership when, for example, he is shown arguing with Areopagitica, or when he chooses to speak truth for a moment. The reader ends up sympathizing with the Satan in the minutest of feeling, in addition to the greatness of Shakespearean acting in his character. Ruth and Milton (15) write, â€Å"Milton’s appealing delineation of Satan’s character, some commentators say, forces the reader to sympathize and identify with the fallen archangel just as Milton himself does.† Satan is shown on a hot lake of molten lava in Hell, and weeping at a point later, which are the sites the reader empathizes with him at. The energy that comes out of his character while he is in the Hell, and while he plans the whole story against Adam and Eve, makes his character so magnificent that no other character in the story can beat. God, in comparison, has been portrayed as an uninteresting character in Paradise Lost- something th at the Satan convinces the reader to believe in Book 3, while behaving like a naive victim all the way. At least this is the perception the reader conceives when he reads the Satan’s fervent dialogues and their contagious rhetoric throughout the storyline. His speeches are as weird as the disguise he adopts to entice Eve to eat the Forbidden Tree; that is, the serpent that is clever, sharp, quick, smart, and vengeful. Carrying angelic features and possessing potent weapons, Satan is shown as an embodiment of authority, power, control, and leadership. He is the leader of the fallen angels, sharing with them the plan to leave the Hell for a quest based on vengeance. Critics and reviewers have agreed upon the heroic aspect of Satan in Paradise Lost; for example, Brackett (313) writes that Milton has shown Satan as such a â€Å"clearly and dramatically drawn figure that many post-romanticism readers viewed him as a heroic figure, a Byronic hero of sorts†¦as Satan proudly de clares his preference for the position of ruler of hell to servant in heaven.† Hence, the heroic and leadership incarnation of Satan’s character in Paradise Lost shows Milton’s idea of sin that has been discussed many a times by critiques later on. It is also important to discuss how Milton has expressed Satan’s persona of heroism and leadership in his work. Satan is proud of his army that he thinks is so powerful that repulse can never be known.